Dateiuploads mit POST

Dieses Feature erlaubt es Benutzern sowohl Text- als auch Binärdaten hochzuladen. Mit PHP's Authentifizierungs- und Dateifunktionen besteht volle Kontrolle darüber, wer Dateien hochladen darf und was mit den Dateien geschehen soll, wenn das Hochladen beendet ist.

PHP kann Dateiuploads von jedem RFC-1867-konformen Browser empfangen.

Hinweis: Diesbezügliche Konfigurationshinweise

Siehe auch die Anweisungen file_uploads, upload_max_filesize, upload_tmp_dir, post_max_size und max_input_time in der php.ini

PHP unterstützt auch das Hochladen von Dateien nach der PUT-Methode, die beispielsweise vom Netscape Composer und den W3C-Amaya-Clients verwendet wird. Siehe dazu PUT-Unterstützung für nähere Informationen.

Beispiel #1 Formular zum Hochladen von Dateien

Um Dateieuploads zu ermöglichen muss ein Formular erstellt werden, welches ungefähr wie folgt aussieht:

<!-- Der Kodierungstyp enctype MUSS wie dargestellt angegeben werden -->
<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="__URL__" method="POST">
    <!-- MAX_FILE_SIZE muss vor dem Datei-Eingabefeld stehen -->
    <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="30000" />
    <!-- Der Name des Eingabefelds bestimmt den Namen im $_FILES-Array -->
    Diese Datei hochladen: <input name="userfile" type="file" />
    <input type="submit" value="Send File" />
</form>

__URL__ im obigen Beispiel sollte durch die URL eines PHP-Skripts ersetzt werden.

Das "hidden"-Feld MAX_FILE_SIZE muss dem "file"-Eingabefeld vorangestellt werden; der angegebene Wert bestimmt die maximale akzeptierte Dateigröße in Bytes. Dieses Formular-Element sollte immer benutzt werden, da es dem Benutzer erspart auf einen großen Dateiupload zu warten, nur um festzustellen, dass die Datei zu groß war und der Upload fehlgeschlagen ist. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass diese Browserseitige Einstellung sehr einfach zu umgehen ist und man sich daher niemals darauf verlassen sollte, dass sie übergroße Dateiuploads verhindert. Die Server-seitige Option für die Maximalgröße kann hingegen nicht umgangen werden.

Hinweis:

Das Uploadformular muss unbedingt das Attribut enctype="multipart/form-data" angeben, andernfalls wird der Upload nicht funktionieren.

Die globale Variable $_FILES enthält alle Informationen über hochgeladene Dateien. Im Folgenden sind ihre Inhalte für das obige Beispielformular aufgelistet. Beachten Sie, dass dies auf der Annahme basiert, dass der Name des Dateiuploads wie in dem obigen Beispielskript userfile ist. Es kann aber auch jeder andere Name verwendet werden.

$_FILES['userfile']['name']

Der ursprüngliche Dateiname auf dem Computer des Benutzers.

$_FILES['userfile']['type']

Der MIME-Type der Datei, falls der Browser diese Information zur Verfügung gestellt hat. Ein Beispiel wäre "image/gif". Dieser MIME-Type wird jedoch nicht von PHP geprüft und kann somit falsch sein.

$_FILES['userfile']['size']

Die Größe der hochgeladenen Datei in Bytes.

$_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name']

Der temporäre Dateiname, unter dem die hochgeladene Datei auf dem Server gespeichert wurde.

$_FILES['userfile']['error']

Der Fehlercode des Uploads.

$_FILES['userfile']['full_path']

Der vollständige Pfad, wie er vom Browser übermittelt wurde. Dieser Wert enthält nicht immer eine echte Verzeichnisstruktur und ist daher nicht vertrauenswürdig. Verfügbar ab PHP 8.1.0.

Standardmäßig werden Dateien im standardmäßigen temporären Verzeichnis des Servers gespeichert, außer es wurde mittels upload_tmp_dir in der php.ini ein anderer Ort konfiguriert. Das Standardverzeichnis des Servers kann durch das Setzen der Umgebungsvariablen TMPDIR in der Umgebung, in der PHP ausgeführt wird, geändert werden. Das Setzen mittels der Funktion putenv() innerhalb eines Skriptes ist nicht möglich. Mittels dieser Umgebungsvariable kann auch sichergestellt werden, dass auch andere Operationen an hochgeladenen Dateien arbeiten können.

Beispiel #2 Dateiuploads prüfen

Weitere Informationen finden Sie auch in den Beschreibungen für is_uploaded_file() und move_uploaded_file(). Das folgende Beispiel verarbeitet einen von einem HTML-Formular kommenden Dateiupload.

<?php
$uploaddir
= '/var/www/uploads/';
$uploadfile = $uploaddir . basename($_FILES['userfile']['name']);

echo
'<pre>';
if (
move_uploaded_file($_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'], $uploadfile)) {
echo
"Datei ist valide und wurde erfolgreich hochgeladen.\n";
} else {
echo
"Möglicherweise eine Dateiupload-Attacke!\n";
}

echo
'Weitere Debugging Informationen:';
print_r($_FILES);

print
"</pre>";

?>

Das die hochgeladene Datei empfangende Skript sollte die notwendige Logik zur Entscheidung enthalten, was mit der hochgeladenen Datei geschehen soll. Sie können zum Beispiel $_FILES['userfile']['size'] verwenden, um zu kleine bzw. zu große Dateien wegzuwerfen. Sie können $_FILES['userfile']['type'] nutzen, um Dateien eines unerwünschten Typs wegzuwerfen, sollten dabei jedoch beachten, dass dieser Wert vollständig vom Benutzer kontrolliert wird und somit falsch sein kann. Sie können Ihre Logik auch mittels $_FILES['userfile']['error'] anhand der Fehlercodes planen. Egal welche Logik Sie verwenden, Sie sollten die Datei im temporären Verzeichnis entweder löschen, oder an einen anderen Ort verschieben.

Wenn im Formular keine Datei ausgewählt wurde so wird $_FILES['userfile']['size'] von PHP auf 0 gesetzt und $_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'] ist leer.

Wurde die Datei in dem temporären Verzeichnis nicht verschoben oder umbenannt, wird sie am Ende des Requests gelöscht.

Beispiel #3 Hochladen eines Arrays von Dateien

PHP unterstützt HTML Arrays auch für Dateien.

<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<p>Pictures:
<input type="file" name="pictures[]" />
<input type="file" name="pictures[]" />
<input type="file" name="pictures[]" />
<input type="submit" value="Send" />
</p>
</form>
<?php
foreach ($_FILES["pictures"]["error"] as $key => $error) {
if (
$error == UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {
$tmp_name = $_FILES["pictures"]["tmp_name"][$key];
// basename() kann Directory Traversal Angriffe verhindern; weitere
// Gültigkeitsprüfung/Bereinigung des Dateinamens kann angebracht sein
$name = basename($_FILES["pictures"]["name"][$key]);
move_uploaded_file($tmp_name, "data/$name");
}
}
?>

Eine Fortschrittsanzeige für Dateiuploads kann mittels Session Upload Progress implementiert werden.

add a note add a note

User Contributed Notes 12 notes

up
76
daevid at daevid dot com
15 years ago
I think the way an array of attachments works is kind of cumbersome. Usually the PHP guys are right on the money, but this is just counter-intuitive. It should have been more like:

Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [name] => facepalm.jpg
            [type] => image/jpeg
            [tmp_name] => /tmp/phpn3FmFr
            [error] => 0
            [size] => 15476
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [name] =>
            [type] =>
            [tmp_name] =>
            [error] => 4
            [size] =>
        )
)

and not this
Array
(
    [name] => Array
        (
            [0] => facepalm.jpg
            [1] =>
        )

    [type] => Array
        (
            [0] => image/jpeg
            [1] =>
        )

    [tmp_name] => Array
        (
            [0] => /tmp/phpn3FmFr
            [1] =>
        )

    [error] => Array
        (
            [0] => 0
            [1] => 4
        )

    [size] => Array
        (
            [0] => 15476
            [1] => 0
        )
)

Anyways, here is a fuller example than the sparce one in the documentation above:

<?php
foreach ($_FILES["attachment"]["error"] as $key => $error)
{
      
$tmp_name = $_FILES["attachment"]["tmp_name"][$key];
       if (!
$tmp_name) continue;

      
$name = basename($_FILES["attachment"]["name"][$key]);

    if (
$error == UPLOAD_ERR_OK)
    {
        if (
move_uploaded_file($tmp_name, "/tmp/".$name) )
           
$uploaded_array[] .= "Uploaded file '".$name."'.<br/>\n";
        else
           
$errormsg .= "Could not move uploaded file '".$tmp_name."' to '".$name."'<br/>\n";
    }
    else
$errormsg .= "Upload error. [".$error."] on file '".$name."'<br/>\n";
}
?>
up
46
mpyw
8 years ago
Do not use Coreywelch or Daevid's way, because their methods can handle only within two-dimensional structure. $_FILES can consist of any hierarchy, such as 3d or 4d structure.

The following example form breaks their codes:

<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="file" name="files[x][y][z]">
    <input type="submit">
</form>

As the solution, you should use PSR-7 based zendframework/zend-diactoros.

GitHub:

https://github.com/zendframework/zend-diactoros

Example:

<?php

use Psr\Http\Message\UploadedFileInterface;
use
Zend\Diactoros\ServerRequestFactory;

$request = ServerRequestFactory::fromGlobals();

if (
$request->getMethod() !== 'POST') {
   
http_response_code(405);
    exit(
'Use POST method.');
}

$uploaded_files = $request->getUploadedFiles();

if (
    !isset(
$uploaded_files['files']['x']['y']['z']) ||
    !
$uploaded_files['files']['x']['y']['z'] instanceof UploadedFileInterface
) {
   
http_response_code(400);
    exit(
'Invalid request body.');
}

$file = $uploaded_files['files']['x']['y']['z'];

if (
$file->getError() !== UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {
   
http_response_code(400);
    exit(
'File uploading failed.');
}

$file->moveTo('/path/to/new/file');

?>
up
22
coreywelch+phpnet at gmail dot com
8 years ago
The documentation doesn't have any details about how the HTML array feature formats the $_FILES array.

Example $_FILES array:

For single file -

Array
(
    [document] => Array
        (
            [name] => sample-file.doc
            [type] => application/msword
            [tmp_name] => /tmp/path/phpVGCDAJ
            [error] => 0
            [size] => 0
        )
)

Multi-files with HTML array feature -

Array
(
    [documents] => Array
        (
            [name] => Array
                (
                    [0] => sample-file.doc
                    [1] => sample-file.doc
                )

            [type] => Array
                (
                    [0] => application/msword
                    [1] => application/msword
                )

            [tmp_name] => Array
                (
                    [0] => /tmp/path/phpVGCDAJ
                    [1] => /tmp/path/phpVGCDAJ
                )

            [error] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 0
                    [1] => 0
                )

            [size] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 0
                    [1] => 0
                )

        )

)

The problem occurs when you have a form that uses both single file and HTML array feature. The array isn't normalized and tends to make coding for it really sloppy. I have included a nice method to normalize the $_FILES array.

<?php

   
function normalize_files_array($files = []) {

       
$normalized_array = [];

        foreach(
$files as $index => $file) {

            if (!
is_array($file['name'])) {
               
$normalized_array[$index][] = $file;
                continue;
            }

            foreach(
$file['name'] as $idx => $name) {
               
$normalized_array[$index][$idx] = [
                   
'name' => $name,
                   
'type' => $file['type'][$idx],
                   
'tmp_name' => $file['tmp_name'][$idx],
                   
'error' => $file['error'][$idx],
                   
'size' => $file['size'][$idx]
                ];
            }

        }

        return
$normalized_array;

    }

?>

The following is the output from the above method.

Array
(
    [document] => Array
        (
            [0] => Array
                (
                [name] => sample-file.doc
                    [type] => application/msword
                    [tmp_name] => /tmp/path/phpVGCDAJ
                    [error] => 0
                    [size] => 0
                )

        )

    [documents] => Array
        (
            [0] => Array
                (
                    [name] => sample-file.doc
                    [type] => application/msword
                    [tmp_name] => /tmp/path/phpVGCDAJ
                    [error] => 0
                    [size] => 0
                )

            [1] => Array
                (
                    [name] => sample-file.doc
                    [type] => application/msword
                    [tmp_name] => /tmp/path/phpVGCDAJ
                    [error] => 0
                    [size] => 0
                )

        )

)
up
16
anon
9 years ago
For clarity; the reason you would NOT want to replace the example script with
$uploaddir = './';
is because if you have no coded file constraints a nerd could upload a php script with the same name of one of your scripts in the scripts directory.

Given the right settings and permissions php-cgi is capable of replacing even php files.

Imagine if it replaced the upload post processor file itself. The next "upload" could lead to some easy exploits.

Even when replacements are not possible; uploading an .htaccess file could cause some problems, especially if it is sent after the nerd throws in a devious script to use htaccess to redirect to his upload.

There are probably more ways of exploiting it. Don't let the nerds get you.

More sensible to use a fresh directory for uploads with some form of unique naming algorithm; maybe even a cron job for sanitizing the directory so older files do not linger for too long.
up
6
fravadona at gmail dot com
4 years ago
mpyw is right, PSR-7 is awesome but a little overkill for simple projects (in my opinion).

Here's an example of function that returns the file upload metadata in a (PSR-7 *like*) normalized tree. This function deals with whatever dimension of upload metadata.

I kept the code extremely simple, it doesn't validate anything in $_FILES, etc... AND MOST IMPORTANTLY, it calls array_walk_recursive in an *undefined behaviour* way!!!

You can test it against the examples of the PSR-7 spec ( https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-7/#16-uploaded-files ) and try to add your own checks that will detect the error in the last example ^^

<?php
/**
*  THIS CODE IS ABSOLUTELY NOT MEANT FOR PRODUCTION !!! MAY ITS INSIGHTS HELP YOU !!!
*/
function getNormalizedFiles()
{
 
$normalized = array();

  if ( isset(
$_FILES) ) {
   
    foreach (
$_FILES as $field => $metadata ) {
     
     
$normalized[$field] = array(); // needs initialization for array_replace_recursive
     
     
foreach ( $metadata as $meta => $data ) { // $meta is 'tmp_name', 'error', etc...
       
       
if ( is_array($data) ) {
         
         
// insert the current meta just before each leaf !!! WRONG USE OF ARRAY_WALK_RECURSIVE !!!
         
array_walk_recursive($data, function (&$v,$k) use ($meta) { $v = array( $meta => $v ); });
         
         
// fuse the current metadata with the previous ones
         
$normalized[$field] = array_replace_recursive($normalized[$field], $data);
       
        } else {
         
$normalized[$field][$meta] = $data;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return
$normalized;
}
?>
up
13
eslindsey at gmail dot com
15 years ago
Also note that since MAX_FILE_SIZE hidden field is supplied by the browser doing the submitting, it is easily overridden from the clients' side.  You should always perform your own examination and error checking of the file after it reaches you, instead of relying on information submitted by the client.  This includes checks for file size (always check the length of the actual data versus the reported file size) as well as file type (the MIME type submitted by the browser can be inaccurate at best, and intentionally set to an incorrect value at worst).
up
4
Mark
14 years ago
$_FILES will be empty if a user attempts to upload a file greater than post_max_size in your php.ini

post_max_size should be >= upload_max_filesize in your php.ini.
up
4
claude dot pache at gmail dot com
15 years ago
Note that the MAX_FILE_SIZE hidden field is only used by the PHP script which receives the request, as an instruction to reject files larger than the given bound. This field has no significance for the browser, it does not provide a client-side check of the file-size, and it has nothing to do with web standards or browser features.
up
-2
Anonymous
7 years ago
I have found it useful to re-order the multidimensional $_FILES array into a more intuitive format, as proposed by many other developers already.

Unfortunately, most of the proposed functions are not able to re-order the $_FILES array when it has more than 1 additional dimension.

Therefore, I would like to contribute the function below, which is capable of meeting the aforementioned requirement:

<?php
   
function get_fixed_files() {
       
$function = function($files, $fixed_files = array(), $path = array()) use (&$function) {
            foreach (
$files as $key => $value) {
               
$temp = $path;
               
$temp[] = $key;
           
                if (
is_array($value)) {
                   
$fixed_files = $function($value, $fixed_files, $temp);
                } else {
                   
$next = array_splice($temp, 1, 1);
                   
$temp = array_merge($temp, $next);
                   
                   
$new = &$fixed_files;
                   
                    foreach (
$temp as $key) {
                       
$new = &$new[$key];
                    }
                   
                   
$new = $value;
                }
            }
           
            return
$fixed_files;
        };
       
        return
$function($_FILES);
    }
?>

Side note: the unnamed function within the function is used to avoid confusion regarding the arguments necessary for the recursion within the function, for example when viewing the function in an IDE.
up
-5
Age Bosma
13 years ago
"If no file is selected for upload in your form, PHP will return $_FILES['userfile']['size'] as 0, and $_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'] as none."

Note that the situation above is the same when a file exceeding the MAX_FILE_SIZE hidden field is being uploaded. In this case $_FILES['userfile']['size'] is also set to 0, and $_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'] is also empty. The difference would only be the error code.
Simply checking for these two conditions and assuming no file upload has been attempted is incorrect.

Instead, check if $_FILES['userfile']['name'] is set or not. If it is, a file upload has at least been attempted (a failed attempt or not). If it is not set, no attempt has been made.
up
-14
bimal at sanjaal dot com
9 years ago
Some suggestions here:

1. It is always better to check for your error status. If MAX_FILE_SIZE is active and the uploaded file crossed the limit, it will set the error. So, only when error is zero (0), move the file.

2. If possible, never allow your script to upload in the path where file can be downloaded. Point your upload path to outside of public_html area or prevent direct browsing (using .htaccess restrictions). Think, if someone uploads malicious code, specially php codes, they will be executed on the server.

3. Do not use the file name sent by the client. Regenerate a new name for newly uploaded file. This prevents overwriting your old files.

4. Regularly track the disk space consumed, if you are running out of storage.
up
-18
katrinaelaine6 at gmail dot com
7 years ago
Here's a complete example of the $_FILES array with nested and non-nested names. Let's say we have this html form:

<form action="test.php" method="post">

    <input type="file" name="single" id="single">

    <input type="file" name="nested[]"          id="nested_one">
    <input type="file" name="nested[root]"      id="nested_root">        
    <input type="file" name="nested[][]"        id="nested_two">
    <input type="file" name="nested[][parent]"  id="nested_parent">
    <input type="file" name="nested[][][]"      id="nested_three">
    <input type="file" name="nested[][][child]" id="nested_child">

    <input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

In the test.php file:

<?php

    print_r
($_FILES);
    exit;

?>

If we upload a text file with the same name as the input id for each input and click submit, test.php will output this:

<?php

Array
(

    [
single] => Array
        (
            [
name] => single.txt
           
[type] => text/plain
           
[tmp_name] => /tmp/phpApO28i
           
[error] => 0
           
[size] => 3441
       
)

    [
nested] => Array
        (
            [
name] => Array
                (
                    [
0] => nested_one.txt
                   
[root] => nested_root.txt
                   
[1] => Array
                        (
                            [
0] => nested_two.txt
                       
)

                    [
2] => Array
                        (
                            [
parent] => nested_parent.txt
                       
)

                    [
3] => Array
                        (
                            [
0] => Array
                                (
                                    [
0] => nested_three.txt
                               
)

                        )

                    [
4] => Array
                        (
                            [
0] => Array
                                (
                                    [
child] => nested_child.txt
                               
)

                        )

                )

           
// type, tmp_name, size, and error will have the same structure.
       
)

)

?>
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