pg_query_params

(PHP 5 >= 5.1.0, PHP 7, PHP 8)

pg_query_params — Sendet ein Kommando zum Server und wartet seine Ausführung ab. Getrennt vom SQL-Kommando können dabei Parameter übergeben werden

Beschreibung

pg_query_params(PgSql\Connection $connection = ?, string $query, array $params): PgSql\Result|false

Sendet ein Kommando zum Server und wartet seine Ausführung ab. Getrennt vom SQL-Kommando können dabei Parameter übergeben werden.

pg_query_params() ist ähnlich wie pg_query(), bietet aber zusätzlich die Möglichkeit, Parameterwerte ausserhalb des SQL-Kommandos separat zu übergeben. pg_query_params() wird nur für Verbindungen zu PostgreSQL ab der Version 7.4 unterstützt und schlägt bei allen niedrigeren Versionen fehl.

Falls irgendwelche Parameter übergeben wurden, werden diese in query als $1, $2 usw. referenziert. Der gleiche Parameter darf mehrmals in query auftauchen; in diesem Fall wird der selbe Wert verwendet. Im Array params werden die aktuellen Parameterwerte übergeben. Der Wert null in diesem Array repräsentiert den SQL-Wert NULL.

Der Hauptvorteil von pg_query_params() gegenüber pg_query() liegt darin, dass Parameterwerte vom SQL-Kommando getrennt übergeben werden können und damit das fehlerträchtige und lästige Maskieren und Setzen von Anführungszeichen vermieden werden kann. Im Unterschied zu pg_query() ist bei pg_query_params() nur ein einziges SQL-Kommando erlaubt. (Es können auch Semikolons enthalten sein, aber nicht mehr als ein nichtleeres Kommando.)

Parameter-Liste

connection

Eine PgSql\Connection-Instanz. Falls connection nicht angegeben wurde, wird die Standardverbindung benutzt. Das ist die zuletzt mit pg_connect() oder pg_pconnect() aufgebaute Verbindung.

Warnung

Seit PHP 8.1.0 ist die Verwendung der Standardverbindung veraltet.

query

Die parametrisierte Abfrage. Diese darf nur ein einziges SQL-Kommando enthalten (mehrere Kommandos, durch Semikolon getrennt, sind nicht zulässig). Falls Parameter übergeben werden, werden sie als $1, $2, ... referenziert.

Anwenderdaten sollten immer als Parameter übergeben werden, und nicht in die Abfragezeichenkette interpoliert werden, wo sie mögliche SQL-Injection-Angriffsvektoren bilden und Bugs einführen, wenn die zu behandelnden Daten Anführungszeichen enthalten. Wenn aus irgendeinem Grund Parameter nicht verwendet werden können, ist sicherzustellen, dass Werte ordnungsgemäß maskiert sind.

params

Ein Array mit Parameterwerten, mit denen die Platzhalter $1, $2 usw. in der ursprünglichen vorbereiteten Abfrage ersetzt werden. Die Anzahl der Elemente dieses Arrays muss mit der Anzahl der Platzhalter übereinstimmen.

Werte, die für bytea Felder vorgesehen sind, werden nicht als Parameter unterstützt. Statt dessen sind pg_escape_bytea() oder die Funktionen für große Objekte zu verwenden.

Rückgabewerte

Bei Erfolg wird eine PgSql\Result-Instanz zurückgegeben. Bei einem Fehler wird false zurückgegeben.

Changelog

Version	Beschreibung
8.1.0	Gibt nun eine PgSql\Result-Instanz zurück; vorher wurde eine Ressource zurückgegeben.
8.1.0	Der Parameter `connection` erwartet nun eine PgSql\Connection-Instanz; vorher wurde eine Ressource erwartet.

Beispiele

Beispiel #1 pg_query_params()-Beispiel

<?php
// Verbindung zu einer Datenbank namens "mary" aufbauen
$dbconn = pg_connect("dbname=mary");

// Alle Shops mit dem Namen Joe's Widgets finden. Beachten Sie, dass es
// nicht nötig ist, den String "Joe's Widgets" zu maskieren.
$result = pg_query_params($dbconn, 'SELECT * FROM shops WHERE name = $1', array("Joe's Widgets"));

// Vergleich mit pg_query
$str = pg_escape_string("Joe's Widgets");
$result = pg_query($dbconn, "SELECT * FROM shops WHERE name = '{$str}'");

?>

Siehe auch

pg_query() - Führt eine Abfrage aus

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User Contributed Notes 15 notes

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victor dot engmark at terreactive dot ch ¶

13 years ago


You can't run multiple statements with pg_query_params, but you can still have transaction support without falling back to pg_query:

<?php
$connection = pg_connect("host=127.0.0.1 port=5432 dbname=foo user=bar password=baz");
pg_query($connection, 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS example');
pg_query($connection, 'CREATE TABLE example (col char(1))');
pg_query($connection, 'INSERT INTO example (col) VALUES (\'a\')');
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session returns "a"
pg_query($connection, 'BEGIN');
pg_query_params($connection, 'UPDATE example SET col = $1', array('b'));
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session still returns "a"
pg_query_params($connection, 'UPDATE example SET col = $1', array('c'));
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session still returns "a"
pg_query($connection, 'COMMIT');
// 'SELECT col FROM example' in another session returns "c"
?>

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dt309 at f2s dot com ¶

18 years ago


If you need to provide multiple possible values for a field in a select query, then the following will help.

<?php
// Assume that $values[] is an array containing the values you are interested in.
$values = array(1, 4, 5, 8);

// To select a variable number of arguments using pg_query() you can use:
$valuelist = implode(', ', $values);
$query = "SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 IN ($valuelist)";
$result = pg_query($query)
    or die(pg_last_error());

// You may therefore assume that the following will work.
$query = 'SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 IN ($1)';
$result = pg_query_params($query, array($valuelist))
    or die(pg_last_error());
// Produces error message: 'ERROR: invalid input syntax for integer'
// It only works when a SINGLE value specified.

// Instead you must use the following approach:
$valuelist = '{' . implode(', ', $values . '}'
$query = 'SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 = ANY ($1)';
$result = pg_query_params($query, array($valuelist));
?>

The error produced in this example is generated by PostGreSQL.

The last method works by creating a SQL array containing the desired values. 'IN (...)' and ' = ANY (...)' are equivalent, but ANY is for working with arrays, and IN is for working with simple lists.

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ac at esilo dot com ¶

14 years ago


pg_query and pg_query_params can be combined into a single function.  This also removes the need to construct a parameter array for pg_query_params:



<?php

function my_query($conn, $query)

{

  if(func_num_args() == 2)

    return pg_query($conn, $query);



  $args = func_get_args();

  $params = array_splice($args, 2);

  return pg_query_params($conn, $query, $params);

}

?>



Usage:



<?php

/* non-parameterized example */

my_query($conn, "SELECT $val1 + $val2");



/* parameterized example */

my_query($conn, "SELECT $1 + $2", $val1, $val2);

?>

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php at richardneill dot org ¶

10 years ago


Debugging parameterised queries can be tedious, if you want to paste the query directly into PSQL. Here is a trick that helps:

<?php
$sql = "SELECT * from table WHERE col_a = $1 and col_b=$2 and col_c=$3";
$params = array (42, "a string", NULL);

$debug = preg_replace_callback( 
        '/\$(\d+)\b/',
        function($match) use ($params) { 
            $key=($match[1]-1); return ( is_null($params[$key])?'NULL':pg_escape_literal($params[$key]) ); 
        },
        $sql);

echo "$debug";
//prints:   SELECT * from table WHERE col_a = '42' and col_b='a string' and col_c=NULL
?>

This works correctly, except in the (unusual) case where we have a literal $N;  the regexp replaces it where it shouldn't.  For example:
<?php
//Both  ' ... $1 ... '   and  $1   get replaced; the former is wrong, the latter is right.
$sql = "SELECT 'Your bill is for $1' AS invoice WHERE 7 = $1";
$params = array(7);
//$debug:  SELECT 'Your bill is for $7' AS invoice WHERE 7 = '7'"
?>

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peter dot kehl+nospam at gmail dot com ¶

12 years ago


Third parameter $params of pg_query_params() ignores nay part of the string values after a zero byte character - PHP "\0" or chr(0). That may be a result of serialize().



See https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=63344

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strata_ranger at hotmail dot com ¶

15 years ago


Regarding boolean values, just typecast them as (integer) when passing them in your query -- '0' and '1' are perfectly acceptable literals for SQL boolean input:

- http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.2/interactive/datatype-boolean.html

It is also safe to write your paramerized query in double-quotes, which allows you to mix constant values and placeholders in your query without having to worry about how whether PHP will attempt to substitute any variables in your parameterized string.

Of course this also means that unlike PHP's double-quoted string syntax, you CAN include literal $1, $2, etc. inside SQL strings, e.g:

<?php
// Works ($1 is a placeholder, $2 is meant literally)
pg_query_params("INSERT INTO foo (col1, col2) VALUES ($1, 'costs $2')", Array($data1));

// Throws an E_WARNING (passing too many parameters)
pg_query_params("INSERT INTO foo (col1, col2) VALUES ($1, 'costs $2')", Array($data1, $data2));
?>

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php at richardneill dot org ¶

10 years ago


A note on type-juggling of booleans:
pg_query_params() and friends do seamless, automatic conversion between PHP-NULL and SQL-NULL and back again, where appropriate.
Hoever, everything else goes in (and comes out) as a string.
The following approach may be helpful when handling boolean fields:

<?php
$sql = " ... ";
$params = array (1, 2, 3, true, false);

//Convert booleans to 'true' and 'false'.  [NULLS are already handled].
foreach ($params as &$value){
    if (is_bool($value)){
        $value = ($value) ? 'true':'false';
    }
}

//Now do the query:
$result = pg_query_params ($sql, $params);
$row = pg_fetch_assoc ($result,0)  //first row

//For booleans, convert 't' and 'f' back to true and false. Check the column type so we don't accidentally convert the wrong thing.
foreach ($row as $key => &$value){ 
    $type = pg_field_type($result,pg_field_num($result, $key));
    if ($type == 'bool'){
        $value = ($value == 't');
    }
}

//$row[] now contains booleans, NULLS, and strings.
?>

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alec at smecher dot bc dot ca ¶

12 years ago


Note that due to your locale's number formatting settings, you may not be able to pass a numeric value in as a parameter and have it arrive in PostgreSQL still a number.

If your system locale uses "," as a decimal separator, the following will result in a database error:

pg_query_params($conn, 'SELECT $1::numeric', array(3.5));

For this to work, it's necessary to manually convert 3.5 to a string using e.g. number_format.

(I filed this as bug #46408, but apparently it's expected behavior.)

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jsnell at e-normous dot com ¶

17 years ago


When inserting into a pg column of type bool, you cannot supply a PHP type of bool.  You must instead use a string "t" or "f". PHP attempts to change boolean values supplied as parameters to strings, and then attempts to use a blank string for false.

Example of Failure:
pg_query_params('insert into table1 (bool_column) values ($1)', array(false));

Works:
pg_query_params('insert into lookup_permissions (system) values ($1)', array(false ? 't' : 'f'));

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-2

Anonymous ¶

7 years ago


If one of the parameters is an array,  (eg. array of ints being passed to a stored procedure),   it must be denoted as a set within the array,  not php array notation.  

eg:  var_dump output  of 2 parms an integer and array of int
aaa is: Array
(
    [0] => 1
    [1] => {2,3}
)

you do not want:

bbb is: Array
(
    [0] => 1
    [1] => Array
        (
            [0] => 2
            [1] => 3
        )

)

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-1

mledford ¶

18 years ago


If you are trying to replicate the function pg_query_params, you might also want to support NULL values. While is_int returns true for a NULL value, the formatting for the SQL.

function pg_query_params( $db, $query, $parameters ) {
    // Escape parameters as required & build parameters for callback function
    global $pg_query_params__parameters;
    foreach( $parameters as $k=>$v ) {
        if ( is_null($v) ) {
            $parameters[$k] = 'NULL';
        } else {
            $parameters[$k] = ( is_int( $v ) ? $v : "'".pg_escape_string( $v )."'" );
        }
    }
    $pg_query_params__parameters = $parameters;
        
    // Call using pg_query
    return pg_query( $db, preg_replace_callback( '/\$([0-9]+)/', 'pg_query_params__callback', $query));
}

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-1

cc+php at c2se dot com ¶

18 years ago


This is a useful function for preventing SQL injection attacks, so, for those of us who are not yet able to upgrade to PHP5.1, here is a replacement function which works similarly on older versions of PHP...

<?php   # Parameterised query implementation for Postgresql and older versions of PHP

        if( !function_exists( 'pg_query_params' ) ) {

                function pg_query_params__callback( $at ) {
                        global $pg_query_params__parameters;
                        return $pg_query_params__parameters[ $at[1]-1 ];
                }

                function pg_query_params( $db, $query, $parameters ) {

                        // Escape parameters as required & build parameters for callback function
                        global $pg_query_params__parameters;
                        foreach( $parameters as $k=>$v )
                                $parameters[$k] = ( is_int( $v ) ? $v : "'".pg_escape_string( $v )."'" );
                        $pg_query_params__parameters = $parameters;

                        // Call using pg_query
                        return pg_query( $db, preg_replace_callback( '/\$([0-9]+)/', 'pg_query_params__callback', $query ) );

                }
        }

        // Example: pg_query_params( $db_resource, "SELECT * FROM table WHERE col1=$1 AND col2=$2", array( 42, "It's ok" ) );
?>

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-3

php at richardneill dot org ¶

10 years ago


pg_query_params() *does* accept NULLs.  They will automatically be transformed, correctly, into SQL NULL. Thus, for example:

<?php
$sql = "UPDATE tbl_example SET column_a = $1, column_b=$2";
$params = array(NULL,  42);
$result = pg_params ($sql, $params);

//is equivalent to:
$result = pg_query ("UPDATE tbl_example SET column_a = NULL column_b  = '42')";

//and not, as one might fear,  either of these (incorrect) things:
// ... column_a = ''      ...
// ... column_a = 'NULL'  ...
?>

Note that you can use NULLs this way in an UPDATE or INSERT statement, but NOT in a WHERE clause. This isn't a restriction of pg_query_params(), but rather it is a consquence of the SQL language.
So, if you want a query of the type:

<?php
//depending on data,  the where-test parameter may or may not be NULL
//the following is WRONG for $1.
$sql = "SELECT * from  tbl_example WHERE column_a = $1 and column_b = $2";
$params = array(NULL,  42);
$result = pg_params ($sql, $params);
?>

This will fail as invalid SQL:  because you should use "= 42" but "IS NULL".  The solution is to use the SQL construct "IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM".  

<?php
$sql = "SELECT ... WHERE column IS NOT DISTINCT FROM $1"
$params = array (42);    //this works, the same as  "where column = 42"
$params = array (NULL);  //this works, the same as "where column is null"
?>

(Aside: though this is annoying, the behaviour is correct. There is a postgresql compatibility option "transform_null_equals", but it won't help you here, even though you might expect it to.)

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-7

travismowens at gmail dot com ¶

14 years ago


Unfortunately the params will not respect string representations of NULL or NOW().  If your code pushes these values, they be considered a string and inserted literally as "NULL" and "NOW()".



Ideally, there should be an additional parameter that you can assign to force this text as pgSQL functions/reserved words and not wrap them up as strings (assuming pgSQL's parameterized queries support this.



This same problem also occurs for comma lists used in "WHERE column IN (1,2,3,4)", params treats "1,2,3,4" as a string, not a list of numbers, and runs it with quotes also.



For debugging, I use this function to simulate params, keep in mind this is not 100% accurate, it only attempts to simulate the actual SQL that param queries create.



<?php

    function pg_query_params_return_sql($query, $array)

    {

        $query_parsed = $query;

        

        for ($a = 0, $b = sizeof($array); $a < $b; $a++)

        {

            if ( is_numeric($array[$a]) )

            {

                $query_parsed = str_replace(('$'.($a+1)), str_replace("'","''", $array[$a]), $query_parsed );

            }

            else

            {

                $query_parsed = str_replace(('$'.($a+1)), "'".str_replace("'","''", $array[$a])."'", $query_parsed );

            }

        }

        

        return $query_parsed;

    }

?>

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-4

php at richardneill dot org ¶

10 years ago


For a parameterised date, the value NOW() is not allowed (it gets turned into a literal string and makes postgres choke),  however 'now'
is allowed as a parameter, and has the same effect.

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