If you want to avoid calling exit() in FastCGI as per the comments below, but really, positively want to exit cleanly from nested function call or include, consider doing it the Python way:
define an exception named `SystemExit', throw it instead of calling exit() and catch it in index.php with an empty handler to finish script execution cleanly.
<?php
// file: index.php
class SystemExit extends Exception {}
try {
/* code code */
}
catch (SystemExit $e) { /* do nothing */ }
// end of file: index.php
// some deeply nested function or .php file
if (SOME_EXIT_CONDITION)
throw new SystemExit(); // instead of exit()
?>
exit
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)
exit — Output a message and terminate the current script
Description
Terminates execution of the script.
Shutdown functions
and object destructors
will always be executed even if exit is called.
exit is a language construct and it can be called
without parentheses if no status is passed.
Parameters
-
status -
If
statusis a string, this function prints thestatusjust before exiting.If
statusis an int, that value will be used as the exit status and not printed. Exit statuses should be in the range 0 to 254, the exit status 255 is reserved by PHP and shall not be used. The status 0 is used to terminate the program successfully.
Return Values
No value is returned.
Examples
Example #1 exit example
<?php
$filename = '/path/to/data-file';
$file = fopen($filename, 'r')
or exit("unable to open file ($filename)");
?>
Example #2 exit status example
<?php
//exit program normally
exit;
exit();
exit(0);
//exit with an error code
exit(1);
exit(0376); //octal
?>
Example #3 Shutdown functions and destructors run regardless
<?php
class Foo
{
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'Destruct: ' . __METHOD__ . '()' . PHP_EOL;
}
}
function shutdown()
{
echo 'Shutdown: ' . __FUNCTION__ . '()' . PHP_EOL;
}
$foo = new Foo();
register_shutdown_function('shutdown');
exit();
echo 'This will not be output.';
?>The above example will output:
Shutdown: shutdown() Destruct: Foo::__destruct()
Notes
Note: Because this is a language construct and not a function, it cannot be called using variable functions, or named arguments.
Note:
This language construct is equivalent to die().
add a note
User Contributed Notes 23 notes
dexen dot devries at gmail dot com ¶
14 years ago
albert at removethis dot peschar dot net ¶
15 years ago
jbezorg at gmail proposed the following:
<?php
if($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] == __FILE__ )
header('Location: /');
?>
After sending the `Location:' header PHP _will_ continue parsing, and all code below the header() call will still be executed. So instead use:
<?php
if($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] == __FILE__)
{
header('Location: /');
exit;
}
?>
theonenkl at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
A side-note for the use of exit with finally: if you exit somewhere in a try block, the finally won't be executed. Could not sound obvious: for instance in Java you never issue an exit, at least a return in your controller; in PHP instead you could find yourself exiting from a controller method (e.g. in case you issue a redirect).
Here follows the POC:
<?php
echo "testing finally wit exit\n";
try {
echo "In try, exiting\n";
exit;
} catch(Exception $e) {
echo "catched\n";
} finally {
echo "in finally\n";
}
echo "In the end\n";
?>
This will print:
testing finally wit exit
In try, exiting
vincent dot laag at gmail dot com ¶
14 years ago
Don't use the exit() function in the auto prepend file with fastcgi (linux/bsd os).
It has the effect of leaving opened files with for result at least a nice "Too many open files ..." error.
jean dot claveau at gmail dot com ¶
4 years ago
Beware if you enabled uopz extension, it disables exit / die() by default. They are just "skipped".
https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.uopz-allow-exit.php
m dot libergolis at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
In addition to "void a t informance d o t info", here's a one-liner that requires no constant:
<?php basename($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']) == basename(__FILE__) && die('Thou shall not pass!'); ?>
Placing it at the beginning of a PHP file will prevent direct access to the script.
To redirect to / instead of dying:
<?php
if (basename($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']) == basename(__FILE__)) {
if (ob_get_contents()) ob_clean(); // ob_get_contents() even works without active output buffering
header('Location: /');
die;
}
?>
Doing the same in a one-liner:
<?php basename($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']) == basename(__FILE__) && (!ob_get_contents() || ob_clean()) && header('Location: /') && die; ?>
A note to security: Even though $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] comes from the user, it's safe to assume its validity, as the "manipulation" takes place _before_ the actual file execution, meaning that the string _must_ have been valid enough to execute the file. Also, basename() is binary safe, so you can safely rely on this function.
void a t informance d o t info ¶
16 years ago
To rich dot lovely at klikzltd dot co dot uk:
Using a "@" before header() to suppress its error, and relying on the "headers already sent" error seems to me a very bad idea while building any serious website.
This is *not* a clean way to prevent a file from being called directly. At least this is not a secure method, as you rely on the presence of an exception sent by the parser at runtime.
I recommend using a more common way as defining a constant or assigning a variable with any value, and checking for its presence in the included script, like:
in index.php:
<?php
define ('INDEX', true);
?>
in your included file:
<?php
if (!defined('INDEX')) {
die('You cannot call this script directly !');
}
?>
BR.
Ninj
emils at tvnet dot lv ¶
21 years ago
Note, that using exit() will explicitly cause Roxen webserver to die, if PHP is used as Roxen SAPI module. There is no known workaround for that, except not to use exit(). CGI versions of PHP are not affected.
bill dot gates at hotmail dot com ¶
3 years ago
Be noticed about uopz (User Operations for Zend) extension of PHP. It disables (prevents) halting of PHP scripts (both FPM and CLI) on calling `exit()` and `die()` by default just after enabling the extension. Therefore your script will continue to execute.
Details: https://www.php.net/manual/en/uopz.configuration.php#ini.uopz.exit
alexyam at live dot com ¶
12 years ago
When using php-fpm, fastcgi_finish_request() should be used instead of register_shutdown_function() and exit()
For example, under nginx and php-fpm 5.3+, this will make browsers wait 10 seconds to show output:
<?php
echo "You have to wait 10 seconds to see this.<br>";
register_shutdown_function('shutdown');
exit;
function shutdown(){
sleep(10);
echo "Because exit() doesn't terminate php-fpm calls immediately.<br>";
}
?>
This doesn't:
<?php
echo "You can see this from the browser immediately.<br>";
fastcgi_finish_request();
sleep(10);
echo "You can't see this form the browser.";
?>
powtac at gmx de ¶
6 years ago
When a object is passed as $status and it consists of a __toString() magic method the string value of this method will be used as $status. If the object does not contain a __toString method, exit will throw a catchable fatal error.
devinemke at devinemke dot com ¶
22 years ago
If you are using templates with numerous includes then exit() will end you script and your template will not complete (no </table>, </body>, </html> etc...). Rather than having complex nested conditional logic within your content, just create a "footer.php" file that closes all of your HTML and if you want to exit out of a script just include() the footer before you exit().
for example:
include ('header.php');
blah blah blah
if (!$mysql_connect) {
echo "unable to connect";
include ('footer.php');
exit;
}
blah blah blah
include ('footer.php');
marco dot marsala at live dot it ¶
10 months ago
please note, exit status is not honored if there are shutdown functions
marco dot marsala at live dot it ¶
10 months ago
Please note default status code is 1, so exit() without specifying status will exit with code 1
tianyiw at vip dot qq dot com ¶
2 years ago
These are the standard error codes in Linux or UNIX.
1 - Catchall for general errors
2 - Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
126 - Command invoked cannot execute
127 - “command not found”
128 - Invalid argument to exit
128+n - Fatal error signal “n”
130 - Script terminated by Control-C
255\* - Exit status out of range
chris at ocproducts dot com ¶
6 years ago
Calling 'exit' will bypass the auto_append_file option.
On some free hosting this risks you getting removed, as they may be using for ads and analytics.
So be a bit careful if using this on the most common output branch.
sunfundev at gmail dot com ¶
7 years ago
>> Shutdown functions and object destructors will always be executed even if exit is called.
It is false if you call exit into desctructor.
Normal exit:
<?php
class A
{
public function __destruct()
{
echo "bye A\n";
}
}
class B
{
public function __destruct()
{
echo "bye B\n";
}
}
$a = new A;
$b = new B;
exit;
// Output:
// bye B
// bye A
?>
// Exit into desctructor:
<?php
class A
{
public function __destruct()
{
echo "bye A\n";
}
}
class B
{
public function __destruct()
{
echo "bye B\n";
exit;
}
}
$a = new A;
$b = new B;
// Output:
// bye B
?>
nicoladinh at gmail dot com ¶
14 years ago
Calling to exit() will flush all buffers started by ob_start() to default output.
shaun at NOshatSPAM dot net ¶
22 years ago
return may be preferable to exit in certain situations, especially when dealing with the PHP binary and the shell.
I have a script which is the recipient of a mail alias, i.e. mail sent to that alias is piped to the script instead of being delivered to a mailbox. Using exit in this script resulted in the sender of the email getting a delivery failure notice. This was not the desired behavior, I wanted to silently discard messages which did not satisfy the script's requirements.
After several hours of trying to figure out what integer value I should pass to exit() to satisfy sendmail, I tried using return instead of exit. Worked like a charm. Sendmail didn't like exit but it was perfectly happy with return. So, if you're running into trouble with exit and other system binaries, try using return instead.
matt at serverboy dot net ¶
14 years ago
It should be noted that if building a site that runs on FastCGI, calling exit will generate an error in the server's log file. This can quickly fill up.
Also, using exit will diminish the performance benefit gained on FastCGI setups. Instead, consider using code like this:
<?php
if( /* error case */ )
echo "Invalid request";
else {
/* The rest of your application */
}
?>
I've also seen developers get around this issue with FastCGI by wrapping their code in a switch statement and using breaks:
index.php:
<?php
switch(true) {
case true:
require('application.php');
}
?>
application.php:
<?php
if($x > $y) {
echo "Sorry, that didn't work.";
break;
}
// ...
?>
It does carry some overhead, but compared to the alternative, it does the job well.
kehaovista at qq dot com ¶
8 years ago
<?php
class Foo
{
public function __construct()
{
register_shutdown_function([$this, 'shutdown']);
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'Destruct: ' . __METHOD__ . '()' . PHP_EOL;
}
function shutdown()
{
echo 'Shutdown: ' . __FUNCTION__ . '()' . PHP_EOL;
}
}
$foo = new Foo();
exit();
// output is
//Shutdown: shutdown()
//Destruct: Foo::__destruct()
Alexander Behling ¶
3 years ago
it is also possible to include function calls e.g. logging function to write the error in a log file.
e.g.
function logerror($error){
file_put_contents(__DIR__.'/error_log', 'Error occured: '.$error');
}
die(logerror('error msg here');
This will terminate the script and write "error msg here" to error.log
You could use this for example when query the database to log when the query fails.
