Watch out when 'importing' variables to a closure's scope -- it's easy to miss / forget that they are actually being *copied* into the closure's scope, rather than just being made available.
So you will need to explicitly pass them in by reference if your closure cares about their contents over time:
<?php
$result = 0;
$one = function()
{ var_dump($result); };
$two = function() use ($result)
{ var_dump($result); };
$three = function() use (&$result)
{ var_dump($result); };
$result++;
$one(); // outputs NULL: $result is not in scope
$two(); // outputs int(0): $result was copied
$three(); // outputs int(1)
?>
Another less trivial example with objects (what I actually tripped up on):
<?php
//set up variable in advance
$myInstance = null;
$broken = function() uses ($myInstance)
{
if(!empty($myInstance)) $myInstance->doSomething();
};
$working = function() uses (&$myInstance)
{
if(!empty($myInstance)) $myInstance->doSomething();
}
//$myInstance might be instantiated, might not be
if(SomeBusinessLogic::worked() == true)
{
$myInstance = new myClass();
}
$broken(); // will never do anything: $myInstance will ALWAYS be null inside this closure.
$working(); // will call doSomething if $myInstance is instantiated
?>
Fonctions anonymes
Les fonctions anonymes, aussi appelées fermetures ou closures
permettent la création de fonctions sans préciser leur nom.
Elles sont particulièrement utiles comme fonctions de rappel callable,
mais leur utilisation n'est pas limitée à ce seul usage.
Les fonctions anonymes sont implémentées en utilisant la classe Closure.
Exemple #1 Exemples avec des fonctions anonymes
<?php
echo preg_replace_callback('~-([a-z])~', function ($match) {
return strtoupper($match[1]);
}, 'bonjour-le-monde');
?>Les fonctions anonymes peuvent aussi être utilisées comme valeurs de variables. PHP va automatiquement convertir ces expressions en objets Closure. Assigner une fermeture à une variable est la même chose qu'une affectation classique, y compris pour le point-virgule final.
Exemple #2 Assignation de fonction anonyme à une variable
<?php
$greet = function($name) {
printf("Bonjour %s\r\n", $name);
};
$greet('World');
$greet('PHP');
?>
Les fonctions anonymes peuvent hériter des variables du contexte de leur
parent. Ces variables doivent alors être passées dans la construction
de langage use.
À partir de PHP 7.1, ces variables ne doivent pas inclure de superglobals,
$this, ou des variables ayant le même nom qu'un paramètre.
Une déclaration de type de retour pour la fonction doit être placé
après la clause use.
Exemple #3 Héritage de variable depuis le contexte parent
<?php
$message = 'hello';
// Pas de "use"
$example = function () {
var_dump($message);
};
$example();
// Hérite $message
$example = function () use ($message) {
var_dump($message);
};
$example();
// La valeur de la variable héritée est définie lorsque la fonction est
// définie non quand elle est appelée
$message = 'world';
$example();
// Réinitialisation de la variable message
$message = 'hello';
// Héritage par référence
$example = function () use (&$message) {
var_dump($message);
};
$example();
// Le changement de valeur dans le contexte parent est reflété lors de
// l'appel de la fonction.
$message = 'world';
$example();
// Les fonctions anonymes acceptent également des arguments classiques
$example = function ($arg) use ($message) {
var_dump($arg . ' ' . $message);
};
$example("hello");
// Return type declaration comes after the use clause
$example = function () use ($message): string {
return "hello $message";
};
var_dump($example());
?>Résultat de l'exemple ci-dessus est similaire à :
Notice: Undefined variable: message in /example.php on line 6 NULL string(5) "hello" string(5) "hello" string(5) "hello" string(5) "world" string(11) "hello world" string(11) "hello world"
À partir de PHP 8.0.0, la liste des variables hérité du contexte peut inclure une virgule trainante, qui sera ignoré.
L'héritage du contexte parent n'est pas la même chose que les variables de l'environnement global. Les variables globales existent dans le contexte global, qui est le même, quelle que soit la fonction qui s'exécute. Le contexte parent d'une fonction anonyme est la fonction dans laquelle la fonction a été déclarée (pas nécessairement celle qui appelle). Voyez l'exemple ci-dessous :
Exemple #4 Fonctions anonymes et contexte
<?php
// Un panier d'achat simple, qui contient une liste de produits
// choisis et la quantité désirée de chaque produit. Il inclut
// une méthode qui calcule le prix total des éléments dans le panier
// en utilisant une fonction de rappel anonyme.
class Panier
{
const PRICE_BEURRE = 1.00;
const PRICE_LAIT = 3.00;
const PRICE_OEUF = 6.95;
protected $products = array();
public function add($product, $quantity)
{
$this->products[$product] = $quantity;
}
public function getQuantity($product)
{
return isset($this->products[$product]) ? $this->products[$product] :
FALSE;
}
public function getTotal($tax)
{
$total = 0.00;
$callback =
function ($quantity, $product) use ($tax, &$total)
{
$pricePerItem = constant(__CLASS__ . "::PRICE_" .
strtoupper($product));
$total += ($pricePerItem * $quantity) * ($tax + 1.0);
};
array_walk($this->products, $callback);
return round($total, 2);
}
}
$mon_panier = new Panier;
// Ajout d'élément au panier
$mon_panier->add('beurre', 1);
$mon_panier->add('lait', 3);
$mon_panier->add('oeuf', 6);
// Affichage du prix avec 5.5% de TVA
print $mon_panier->getTotal(0.055) . "\n";
// Le résultat sera 54.29
?>Exemple #5 Liage automatique de $this
<?php
class Test
{
public function testing()
{
return function() {
var_dump($this);
};
}
}
$object = new Test;
$function = $object->testing();
$function();
?>L'exemple ci-dessus va afficher :
object(Test)#1 (0) {
}
Lorsque déclarée dans le contexte d'une classe, la classe
courante est automatiquement liée, la rendant $this
disponible dans le contexte de la fonction. Si ce liage automatique de
la classe courante n'est pas souhaité, alors les
fonctions anonymes
statiques peuvent être utilisées à la place.
Les fonctions anonymes statiques
Les fonctions anonymes peuvent être déclarées statiquement. Ceci permet de ne pas lier automatiquement la classe courante à la fonction. Les objets peuvent aussi ne pas être liés lors de l'exécution.
Exemple #6 Tentative d'usage de $this dans une fonction anonyme statique
<?php
class Foo
{
function __construct()
{
$func = static function() {
var_dump($this);
};
$func();
}
};
new Foo();
?>L'exemple ci-dessus va afficher :
Notice: Undefined variable: this in %s on line %d NULL
Exemple #7 Tentative de liage d'un objet à une fonction anonyme statique
<?php
$func = static function() {
// function body
};
$func = $func->bindTo(new stdClass);
$func();
?>L'exemple ci-dessus va afficher :
Warning: Cannot bind an instance to a static closure in %s on line %d
Historique
| Version | Description |
|---|---|
| 7.1.0 | Les fonctions anonymes peuvent ne pas se fermer sur les superglobals, $this, ou toute variable avec le même nom qu'un paramètre. |
Notes
Note: Il est possible d'utiliser les fonctions func_num_args(), func_get_arg() et func_get_args() dans une fonction anonyme.
add a note
User Contributed Notes 18 notes
orls ¶
14 years ago
erolmon dot kskn at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
<?php
/*
(string) $name Name of the function that you will add to class.
Usage : $Foo->add(function(){},$name);
This will add a public function in Foo Class.
*/
class Foo
{
public function add($func,$name)
{
$this->{$name} = $func;
}
public function __call($func,$arguments){
call_user_func_array($this->{$func}, $arguments);
}
}
$Foo = new Foo();
$Foo->add(function(){
echo "Hello World";
},"helloWorldFunction");
$Foo->add(function($parameterone){
echo $parameterone;
},"exampleFunction");
$Foo->helloWorldFunction(); /*Output : Hello World*/
$Foo->exampleFunction("Hello PHP"); /*Output : Hello PHP*/
?>
cHao ¶
10 years ago
In case you were wondering (cause i was), anonymous functions can return references just like named functions can. Simply use the & the same way you would for a named function...right after the `function` keyword (and right before the nonexistent name).
<?php
$value = 0;
$fn = function &() use (&$value) { return $value; };
$x =& $fn();
var_dump($x, $value); // 'int(0)', 'int(0)'
++$x;
var_dump($x, $value); // 'int(1)', 'int(1)'
dexen dot devries at gmail dot com ¶
6 years ago
Every instance of a lambda has own instance of static variables. This provides for great event handlers, accumulators, etc., etc.
Creating new lambda with function() { ... }; expression creates new instance of its static variables. Assigning a lambda to a variable does not create a new instance. A lambda is object of class Closure, and assigning lambdas to variables has the same semantics as assigning object instance to variables.
Example script: $a and $b have separate instances of static variables, thus produce different output. However $b and $c share their instance of static variables - because $c is refers to the same object of class Closure as $b - thus produce the same output.
#!/usr/bin/env php
<?php
function generate_lambda() : Closure
{
# creates new instance of lambda
return function($v = null) {
static $stored;
if ($v !== null)
$stored = $v;
return $stored;
};
}
$a = generate_lambda(); # creates new instance of statics
$b = generate_lambda(); # creates new instance of statics
$c = $b; # uses the same instance of statics as $b
$a('test AAA');
$b('test BBB');
$c('test CCC'); # this overwrites content held by $b, because it refers to the same object
var_dump([ $a(), $b(), $c() ]);
?>
This test script outputs:
array(3) {
[0]=>
string(8) "test AAA"
[1]=>
string(8) "test CCC"
[2]=>
string(8) "test CCC"
}
jake dot tunaley at berkeleyit dot com ¶
5 years ago
Beware of using $this in anonymous functions assigned to a static variable.
<?php
class Foo {
public function bar() {
static $anonymous = null;
if ($anonymous === null) {
// Expression is not allowed as static initializer workaround
$anonymous = function () {
return $this;
};
}
return $anonymous();
}
}
$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
var_dump($a->bar() === $a); // True
var_dump($b->bar() === $a); // Also true
?>
In a static anonymous function, $this will be the value of whatever object instance that method was called on first.
To get the behaviour you're probably expecting, you need to pass the $this context into the function.
<?php
class Foo {
public function bar() {
static $anonymous = null;
if ($anonymous === null) {
// Expression is not allowed as static initializer workaround
$anonymous = function (self $thisObj) {
return $thisObj;
};
}
return $anonymous($this);
}
}
$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
var_dump($a->bar() === $a); // True
var_dump($b->bar() === $a); // False
?>
ayon at hyurl dot com ¶
7 years ago
One way to call a anonymous function recursively is to use the USE keyword and pass a reference to the function itself:
<?php
$count = 1;
$add = function($count) use (&$add){
$count += 1;
if($count < 10) $count = $add($count); //recursive calling
return $count;
};
echo $add($count); //Will output 10 as expected
?>
a dot schaffhirt at sedna-soft dot de ¶
15 years ago
When using anonymous functions as properties in Classes, note that there are three name scopes: one for constants, one for properties and one for methods. That means, you can use the same name for a constant, for a property and for a method at a time.
Since a property can be also an anonymous function as of PHP 5.3.0, an oddity arises when they share the same name, not meaning that there would be any conflict.
Consider the following example:
<?php
class MyClass {
const member = 1;
public $member;
public function member () {
return "method 'member'";
}
public function __construct () {
$this->member = function () {
return "anonymous function 'member'";
};
}
}
header("Content-Type: text/plain");
$myObj = new MyClass();
var_dump(MyClass::member); // int(1)
var_dump($myObj->member); // object(Closure)#2 (0) {}
var_dump($myObj->member()); // string(15) "method 'member'"
$myMember = $myObj->member;
var_dump($myMember()); // string(27) "anonymous function 'member'"
?>
That means, regular method invocations work like expected and like before. The anonymous function instead, must be retrieved into a variable first (just like a property) and can only then be invoked.
Best regards,
simon at generalflows dot com ¶
13 years ago
<?php
/*
* An example showing how to use closures to implement a Python-like decorator
* pattern.
*
* My goal was that you should be able to decorate a function with any
* other function, then call the decorated function directly:
*
* Define function: $foo = function($a, $b, $c, ...) {...}
* Define decorator: $decorator = function($func) {...}
* Decorate it: $foo = $decorator($foo)
* Call it: $foo($a, $b, $c, ...)
*
* This example show an authentication decorator for a service, using a simple
* mock session and mock service.
*/
session_start();
/*
* Define an example decorator. A decorator function should take the form:
* $decorator = function($func) {
* return function() use $func) {
* // Do something, then call the decorated function when needed:
* $args = func_get_args($func);
* call_user_func_array($func, $args);
* // Do something else.
* };
* };
*/
$authorise = function($func) {
return function() use ($func) {
if ($_SESSION['is_authorised'] == true) {
$args = func_get_args($func);
call_user_func_array($func, $args);
}
else {
echo "Access Denied";
}
};
};
/*
* Define a function to be decorated, in this example a mock service that
* need to be authorised.
*/
$service = function($foo) {
echo "Service returns: $foo";
};
/*
* Decorate it. Ensure you replace the origin function reference with the
* decorated function; ie just $authorise($service) won't work, so do
* $service = $authorise($service)
*/
$service = $authorise($service);
/*
* Establish mock authorisation, call the service; should get
* 'Service returns: test 1'.
*/
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] = true;
$service('test 1');
/*
* Remove mock authorisation, call the service; should get 'Access Denied'.
*/
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] = false;
$service('test 2');
?>
derkontrollfreak+9hy5l at gmail dot com ¶
10 years ago
Beware that since PHP 5.4 registering a Closure as an object property that has been instantiated in the same object scope will create a circular reference which prevents immediate object destruction:
<?php
class Test
{
private $closure;
public function __construct()
{
$this->closure = function () {
};
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo "destructed\n";
}
}
new Test;
echo "finished\n";
/*
* Result in PHP 5.3:
* ------------------
* destructed
* finished
*
* Result since PHP 5.4:
* ---------------------
* finished
* destructed
*/
?>
To circumvent this, you can instantiate the Closure in a static method:
<?php
public function __construct()
{
$this->closure = self::createClosure();
}
public static function createClosure()
{
return function () {
};
}
?>
mail at mkharitonov dot net ¶
10 years ago
Some comparisons of PHP and JavaScript closures.
=== Example 1 (passing by value) ===
PHP code:
<?php
$aaa = 111;
$func = function() use($aaa){ print $aaa; };
$aaa = 222;
$func(); // Outputs "111"
?>
Similar JavaScript code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var func = (function(aaa){ return function(){ alert(aaa); } })(aaa);
aaa = 222;
func(); // Outputs "111"
</script>
Be careful, following code is not similar to previous code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var bbb = aaa;
var func = function(){ alert(bbb); };
aaa = 222;
func(); // Outputs "111", but only while "bbb" is not changed after function declaration
// And this technique is not working in loops:
var functions = [];
for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
var i2 = i;
functions.push(function(){ alert(i2); });
}
functions[0](); // Outputs "1", wrong!
functions[1](); // Outputs "1", ok
</script>
=== Example 2 (passing by reference) ===
PHP code:
<?php
$aaa = 111;
$func = function() use(&$aaa){ print $aaa; };
$aaa = 222;
$func(); // Outputs "222"
?>
Similar JavaScript code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var func = function(){ alert(aaa); };
aaa = 222; // Outputs "222"
func();
</script>
toonitw at gmail dot com ¶
6 years ago
As of PHP 7.0, you can use IIFE(Immediately-invoked function expression) by wrapping your anonymous function with ().
<?php
$type = 'number';
var_dump( ...( function() use ($type) {
if ($type=='number') return [1,2,3];
else if ($type=='alphabet') return ['a','b','c'];
} )() );
?>
john at binkmail dot com ¶
7 years ago
PERFORMANCE BENCHMARK 2017!
I decided to compare a single, saved closure against constantly creating the same anonymous closure on every loop iteration. And I tried 10 million loop iterations, in PHP 7.0.14 from Dec 2016. Result:
a single saved closure kept in a variable and re-used (10000000 iterations): 1.3874590396881 seconds
new anonymous closure created each time (10000000 iterations): 2.8460240364075 seconds
In other words, over the course of 10 million iterations, creating the closure again during every iteration only added a total of "1.459 seconds" to the runtime. So that means that every creation of a new anonymous closure takes about 146 nanoseconds on my 7 years old dual-core laptop. I guess PHP keeps a cached "template" for the anonymous function and therefore doesn't need much time to create a new instance of the closure!
So you do NOT have to worry about constantly re-creating your anonymous closures over and over again in tight loops! At least not as of PHP 7! There is absolutely NO need to save an instance in a variable and re-use it. And not being restricted by that is a great thing, because it means you can feel free to use anonymous functions exactly where they matter, as opposed to defining them somewhere else in the code. :-)
rob at ubrio dot us ¶
14 years ago
You can always call protected members using the __call() method - similar to how you hack around this in Ruby using send.
<?php
class Fun
{
protected function debug($message)
{
echo "DEBUG: $message\n";
}
public function yield_something($callback)
{
return $callback("Soemthing!!");
}
public function having_fun()
{
$self =& $this;
return $this->yield_something(function($data) use (&$self)
{
$self->debug("Doing stuff to the data");
// do something with $data
$self->debug("Finished doing stuff with the data.");
});
}
// Ah-Ha!
public function __call($method, $args = array())
{
if(is_callable(array($this, $method)))
return call_user_func_array(array($this, $method), $args);
}
}
$fun = new Fun();
echo $fun->having_fun();
?>
kdelux at gmail dot com ¶
14 years ago
Here is an example of one way to define, then use the variable ( $this ) in Closure functions. The code below explores all uses, and shows restrictions.
The most useful tool in this snippet is the requesting_class() function that will tell you which class is responsible for executing the current Closure().
Overview:
-----------------------
Successfully find calling object reference.
Successfully call $this(__invoke);
Successfully reference $$this->name;
Successfully call call_user_func(array($this, 'method'))
Failure: reference anything through $this->
Failure: $this->name = '';
Failure: $this->delfect();
<?php
function requesting_class()
{
foreach(debug_backtrace(true) as $stack){
if(isset($stack['object'])){
return $stack['object'];
}
}
}
class Person
{
public $name = '';
public $head = true;
public $feet = true;
public $deflected = false;
function __invoke($p){ return $this->$p; }
function __toString(){ return 'this'; } // test for reference
function __construct($name){ $this->name = $name; }
function deflect(){ $this->deflected = true; }
public function shoot()
{ // If customAttack is defined, use that as the shoot resut. Otherwise shoot feet
if(is_callable($this->customAttack)){
return call_user_func($this->customAttack);
}
$this->feet = false;
}
}
$p = new Person('Bob');
$p->customAttack =
function(){
echo $this; // Notice: Undefined variable: this
#$this = new Class() // FATAL ERROR
// Trick to assign the variable '$this'
extract(array('this' => requesting_class())); // Determine what class is responsible for making the call to Closure
var_dump( $this ); // Passive reference works
var_dump( $$this ); // Added to class: function __toString(){ return 'this'; }
$name = $this('name'); // Success
echo $name; // Outputs: Bob
echo '<br />';
echo $$this->name;
call_user_func_array(array($this, 'deflect'), array()); // SUCCESSFULLY CALLED
#$this->head = 0; //** FATAL ERROR: Using $this when not in object context
$$this->head = 0; // Successfully sets value
};
print_r($p);
$p->shoot();
print_r($p);
die();
?>
mike at borft dot student dot utwente dot nl ¶
12 years ago
Since it is possible to assign closures to class variables, it is a shame it is not possible to call them directly. ie. the following does not work:
<?php
class foo {
public test;
public function __construct(){
$this->test = function($a) {
print "$a\n";
};
}
}
$f = new foo();
$f->test();
?>
However, it is possible using the magic __call function:
<?php
class foo {
public test;
public function __construct(){
$this->test = function($a) {
print "$a\n";
};
}
public function __call($method, $args){
if ( $this->{$method} instanceof Closure ) {
return call_user_func_array($this->{$method},$args);
} else {
return parent::__call($method, $args);
}
}
}
$f = new foo();
$f->test();
?>
it
Hope it helps someone ;)
Anonymous ¶
15 years ago
If you want to check whether you're dealing with a closure specifically and not a string or array callback you can do this:
<?php
$isAClosure = is_callable($thing) && is_object($thing);
?>
gabriel dot totoliciu at ddsec dot net ¶
14 years ago
If you want to make a recursive closure, you will need to write this:
$some_var1="1";
$some_var2="2";
function($param1, $param2) use ($some_var1, $some_var2)
{
//some code here
call_user_func(__FUNCTION__, $other_param1, $other_param2);
//some code here
}
If you need to pass values by reference you should check out
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func.php
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func-array.php
If you're wondering if $some_var1 and $some_var2 are still visible by using the call_user_func, yes, they are available.
Hayley Watson ¶
1 year ago
"If this automatic binding of the current class is not wanted, then static anonymous functions may be used instead. "
The main reason why you would not want automatic binding is that as long as the Closure object created for the anonymous function exists, it retains a reference to the object that spawned it, preventing the object from being destroyed, even if the object is no longer alive anywhere else in the program, and even if the function itself doesn't use $this.
<?php
class Foo
{
public function __construct(private string $id)
{
echo "Creating Foo " . $this->id, "\n";
}
public function gimme_function()
{
return function(){};
}
public function gimme_static_function()
{
return static function(){};
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo "Destroying Foo " . $this->id, "\n";
}
}
echo "An object is destroyed as soon as its last reference is removed.\n";
$t = new Foo('Alice');
$t = new Foo('Bob'); // Causes Alice to be destroyed.
// Now destroy Bob.
unset($t);
echo "---\n";
echo "A non-static anonymous function retains a reference to the object which created it.\n";
$u = new Foo('Carol');
$ufn = $u->gimme_function();
$u = new Foo('Daisy'); // Does not cause Carol to be destroyed,
// because there is still a reference to
// it in the function held by $ufn.
unset($u); // Causes Daisy to be destroyed.
echo "---\n"; // Note that Carol hasn't been destroyed yet.
echo "A static anonymous function does not retain a reference to the object which created it.\n";
$v = new Foo('Eve');
$vfn = $v->gimme_static_function();
$v = new Foo('Farid'); // The function held by $vfn does not
// hold a reference to Eve, so Eve does get destroyed here.
unset($v); // Destroy Farid
echo "---\n";
// And then the program finishes, discarding any references to any objects still alive
// (specifically, Carol).
?>
Because $ufn survived to the end of the end of the program, Carol survived as well. $vfn also survived to the end of the program, but the function it contained was declared static, so didn't retain a reference to Eve.
Anonymous functions that retain references to otherwise-dead objects are therefore a potential source of memory leaks. If the function has no use for the object that spawned it, declaring it static prevents it from causing the object to outlive its usefulness.
