Security advice: Although it is not documented, for the parameters $to and $subject the mail() function changes at least \r and \n to space. So these parameters are safe against injection of additional headers. But you might want to check $to for commas as these separate multiple addresses and you might not want to send to more than one recipient.
The crucial part is the $additional_headers parameter. This parameter can't be cleaned by the mail() function. So it is up to you to prevent unwanted \r or \n to be inserted into the values you put in there. Otherwise you just created a potential spam distributor.
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)
mail — メールを送信する
説明
mail(
string
string
string
array|string
string
): bool
string
$to,string
$subject,string
$message,array|string
$additional_headers = [],string
$additional_params = ""): bool
メールを送信します。
パラメータ
-
to -
メールの受信者。
» RFC 2822 を満たす書式でなければ なりません。例えば以下のようなものです。
- user@example.com
- user@example.com, anotheruser@example.com
- User
- User
-
subject -
送信するメールの表題。
警告表題は » RFC 2047 を満たすものでなければなりません。
-
message -
送信するメッセージ。
改行コードは CRLF (\r\n) となります。各行の長さは 70 文字を超えては いけません。
警告（Windows のみ）PHP が SMTP サーバーと直接通信をする際、ピリオドから 始まる行は無視されます。これを防ぐには、行頭のピリオドを ピリオド 2 つに置き換えてください。
<?php
$text = str_replace("\n.", "\n..", $text);
?> -
additional_headers（オプション） -
メールヘッダの最後に挿入される String または array。
通常、これは追加のヘッダ（From、Cc、Bcc）のために用いられます。 複数のヘッダを追加する場合は CRLF（\r\n）で区切ります。 外部からのデータを用いてヘッダを組み立てる際には、想定外のヘッダが注入されることを防ぐための処理が必要です。
array が渡されると、キーがヘッダの名前となり、 値がそれぞれのヘッダの値になります。
注意:
メールを送信する際には、必ず
Fromヘッダが含まれていなければなりません。additional_headersパラメータで指定するか、 あるいは php.ini にデフォルト値を指定します。指定しなかった場合は、以下のようなエラーメッセージが返ります
Warning: mail(): "sendmail_from" not set in php.ini or custom "From:" header missing。 Windows では、SMTP経由で直接メールを送信する際は、Fromヘッダを設定するとReturn-Pathも設定されます。注意:
メッセージが受信されなかった場合には、LF（\n）のみを使ってみてください。 Unix の MTA の中には、自動的に LF を CRLF に変換してしまう もの (有名なところでは、» qmail など) があります（もし CRLF を利用していた場合、CR が重複してしまいます）。 ただし、これは最後の手段です。というのも、これは » RFC 2822 に違反しているからです。
-
additional_params（オプション） -
パラメータ
additional_paramsは、 追加のフラグをコマンドラインオプションとしてメール送信プログラムに渡す際に使用可能です。 メール送信プログラムは、設定オプションsendmail_pathにより設定されます。例えば、 sendmail を使用する際に-fオプションを使って エンベロープの sender アドレスを設定する際に使用できます。このパラメータはコマンドの実行を防止するために内部的に escapeshellcmd() によってエスケープされます。 escapeshellcmd() はコマンドの実行を防止しますが、 別のパラメータを追加することは許してしまいます。セキュリティ上の理由から、 シェルコマンドへの望ましくないパラメータの追加を避けるために、 ユーザーはこのパラメータを適切に処理することが推奨されます。
escapeshellcmd() が自動的に適用されるため、 インターネット RFC でメールアドレスとして許可さているいくつかの文字を使用することができません。 mail() はそうした文字を許可しないため、プログラム中でそうした文字の使用が必須である場合、 メール送信の代替手段（フレームワークやライブラリの使用など）が推奨されます。
この方法でエンベロープの sender ヘッダ（-f）を設定する際は、 'X-Warning' ヘッダが付加されないように Web サーバーの実行ユーザーを sendmail 設定に追加しておく必要があるかもしれません。 sendmail を利用している場合、これは /etc/mail/trusted-users で設定します。
戻り値
メール送信が受け入れられた場合に true 、それ以外の場合に false
を返します。
メールの配送が受け入れられたかどうかが基準であることに注意しましょう。 メールが実際にあて先に届いたかどうかでは「ありません」。
例
例1 メールを送信する
mail() を用いて単純なメールを送信する。
<?php
// 本文
$message = "Line 1\r\nLine 2\r\nLine 3";
// 1 行が 70 文字を超える場合のため、wordwrap() を用いる
$message = wordwrap($message, 70, "\r\n");
// 送信する
mail('caffeinated@example.com', 'My Subject', $message);
?>例2 追加ヘッダを付加してメールを送信する
基本ヘッダに加え、MUA に From および Reply-To アドレスを通知する。
<?php
$to = 'nobody@example.com';
$subject = 'the subject';
$message = 'hello';
$headers = 'From: webmaster@example.com' . "\r\n" .
'Reply-To: webmaster@example.com' . "\r\n" .
'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();
mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers);
?>例3 追加のヘッダを array で指定してメールを送信する
この例は、すぐ上の例と同じメールを送信します。 しかし、追加のヘッダを配列で渡しています (PHP 7.2.0 以降で利用可能)
<?php
$to = 'nobody@example.com';
$subject = 'the subject';
$message = 'hello';
$headers = array(
'From' => 'webmaster@example.com',
'Reply-To' => 'webmaster@example.com',
'X-Mailer' => 'PHP/' . phpversion()
);
mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers);
?>例4 追加のコマンドラインパラメータを指定してメールを送信する
sendmail_path を用いてメールを送信する際に利用する
追加パラメータとして、additional_params
が用いられます。
<?php
mail('nobody@example.com', 'the subject', 'the message', null,
'-fwebmaster@example.com');
?>例5 HTML メールを送信する
mail() を用いて HTML メールを送信することも可能です。
<?php
// 複数の受信者を指定
$to = 'johny@example.com, sally@example.com'; // カンマに注意
// 表題
$subject = 'Birthday Reminders for August';
// 本文
$message = '
<html>
<head>
<title>Birthday Reminders for August</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here are the birthdays upcoming in August!</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Person</th><th>Day</th><th>Month</th><th>Year</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Johny</td><td>10th</td><td>August</td><td>1970</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sally</td><td>17th</td><td>August</td><td>1973</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
';
// HTML メールを送信するには Content-type ヘッダが必須
$headers[] = 'MIME-Version: 1.0';
$headers[] = 'Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1';
// 追加のヘッダ
$headers[] = 'To: Mary <mary@example.com>, Kelly <kelly@example.com>';
$headers[] = 'From: Birthday Reminder <birthday@example.com>';
$headers[] = 'Cc: birthdayarchive@example.com';
$headers[] = 'Bcc: birthdaycheck@example.com';
// 送信する
mail($to, $subject, $message, implode("\r\n", $headers));
?>
注意:
HTML などの複雑な形式のメールを送信する場合は、PEAR パッケージ » PEAR::Mail_Mime を利用することを推奨します。
注意
注意:
Windows 環境での mail() のSMTP実装は、sendmail の実装とは 多くの点で違います。 第一に、メッセージの生成にローカルのバイナリは使用せず、 ソケットを通じて直接操作するだけです。 これは
MTAがネットワークソケットを listen している 必要があるということを意味します（ローカルホスト、リモートマシン どちらでもかまいません）。第二に、
From:やCc:・Bcc:・Date:のようなカスタムヘッダはMTAではなく PHP によってパースされます。そのため、
to引数には "Something <someone@example.com>" 形式の メールアドレスを与えることはできません。 MTA と通信する際に mail コマンドはこれを適切にパースできません。
注意:
mail() 関数は、大量のメールをループ内で送信するには 向いていないことに注意しましょう。この関数は 1 通のメールを送信するたびに SMTP ソケットをいったん閉じて開きなおします。これは非効率的です。
大量のメールを送信する場合は、 » PEAR::Mail および » PEAR::Mail_Queue パッケージを参照ください。
注意:
以下の RFC も有用です。 » RFC 1896、 » RFC 2045、 » RFC 2046、 » RFC 2047、 » RFC 2048、 » RFC 2049 および » RFC 2822
参考
- mb_send_mail() - エンコード変換を行ってメールを送信する
- imap_mail() - e-mail メッセージを送信する
- » PEAR::Mail
- » PEAR::Mail_Mime
add a note
User Contributed Notes 20 notes
Anonymous ¶
8 years ago
php at simoneast dot net ¶
7 years ago
Often it's helpful to find the exact error message that is triggered by the mail() function. While the function doesn't provide an error directly, you can use error_get_last() when mail() returns false.
<?php
$success = mail('example@example.com', 'My Subject', $message);
if (!$success) {
$errorMessage = error_get_last()['message'];
}
?>
(Tested successfully on Windows which uses SMTP by default, but sendmail on Linux/OSX may not provide the same level of detail.)
Thanks to https://stackoverflow.com/a/20203870/195835
priyanshkala3 at gmail dot com ¶
1 year ago
Sending mail using XAMPP server
I encountered numerous issues while attempting to send emails using the XAMPP server. However, I eventually found the correct method to accomplish it.
Configuring PHP's mail functionality to work with Gmail's SMTP server involves editing the `php.ini` and `sendmail.ini` configuration files. Below are the formal steps for setting up PHP to send emails through Gmail's SMTP server using XAMPP:
Configuring php.ini:
1. Open `php.ini` in an editor:
Open the `php.ini` configuration file in your preferred text editor.
2. Locate the mail function:
Use the search function (Ctrl + F) to find the section related to the mail function within the `php.ini` file.
3. Update mail function settings:
Copy and paste the following configuration parameters into the mail function section. Comment out or disable all other settings related to mail.
php.ini code to be edited:
SMTP=smtp.gmail.com
smtp_port=587
sendmail_from = yourmail@gmail.com
sendmail_path = write_sendmail.exe_path
4. Save the changes:
Save the `php.ini` file after applying the modifications.
Configuring sendmail.ini (in XAMPP folder):
1. Open `sendmail.ini` in XAMPP folder:
Locate and open the `sendmail.ini` configuration file within the XAMPP directory.
2. Adjust SMTP settings:
Insert the following content into the `sendmail.ini` file, marking other configurations as comments:
sendmail.ini code :
smtp_server=smtp.gmail.com
smtp_port=587
error_logfile=error.log
debug_logfile=debug.log
auth_username=yourmail@gmail.com
auth_password=app_password_after_enabling_two_factor_authentication_for_your_mail_id
force_sender=priyansh.kala.4@gmail.com
3. Save the changes:
Save the `sendmail.ini` file after inserting the specified configurations.
These steps configure PHP to utilize Gmail's SMTP server for sending emails. Ensure that the modifications are saved and that the necessary XAMPP services are restarted for the changes to take effect.
Please note that using hardcoded passwords in configuration files poses a security risk. Storing passwords directly in plain text files should be avoided in production environments. Consider using environment variables or secure credential management systems for better security practices.
Code for sending mail-:
<?php
$subject = "Mail for checking";
$msg = "Hey! Let us play with PHP.";
$receiver = "reciever@gmail.com";
mail($receiver, $subject, $msg);
?>
Anonymous ¶
5 years ago
If you notice wrong displayed characters in the email it's because you need to properly set the Content-Type and the Charset in the headers of the email:
<?php
$headers = 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8' . "\r\n";
?>
Mostly, UTF-8 is your best choice.
You can set custom headers with the fourth parameter of the mail() function.
To make the whole thing waterproof, add the following header too:
<?php
$headers .= 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64' . "\r\n";
?>
Now you can use the combination of UTF-8 and Base64 to properly encode the subject line and the recipient name like this:
<?php
$subject = '=?UTF-8?B?' . base64_encode('Test email with German Umlauts öäüß') . '?=';
$recipient = '=?UTF-8?B?' . base64_encode('Margret Müller') . '?= <recipient@domain.com>';
?>
And don't forget to Base64 encode the email message too:
<?php
$message = base64_encode('This email contains German Umlauts öäüß.');
?>
All references are taken from:
https://dev.to/lutvit/how-to-make-the-php-mail-function-awesome-3cii
pangz dot lab at gmail dot com ¶
4 years ago
* Sending email with attachment
function sendMail(
string $fileAttachment,
string $mailMessage = MAIL_CONF["mailMessage"],
string $subject = MAIL_CONF["subject"],
string $toAddress = MAIL_CONF["toAddress"],
string $fromMail = MAIL_CONF["fromMail"]
): bool {
$fileAttachment = trim($fileAttachment);
$from = $fromMail;
$pathInfo = pathinfo($fileAttachment);
$attchmentName = "attachment_".date("YmdHms").(
(isset($pathInfo['extension']))? ".".$pathInfo['extension'] : ""
);
$attachment = chunk_split(base64_encode(file_get_contents($fileAttachment)));
$boundary = "PHP-mixed-".md5(time());
$boundWithPre = "\n--".$boundary;
$headers = "From: $from";
$headers .= "\nReply-To: $from";
$headers .= "\nContent-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"".$boundary."\"";
$message = $boundWithPre;
$message .= "\n Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n";
$message .= "\n $mailMessage";
$message .= $boundWithPre;
$message .= "\nContent-Type: application/octet-stream; name=\"".$attchmentName."\"";
$message .= "\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: base64\n";
$message .= "\nContent-Disposition: attachment\n";
$message .= $attachment;
$message .= $boundWithPre."--";
return mail($toAddress, $subject, $message, $headers);
}
* Sending email in html
function sendHtmlMail(
string $mailMessage = MAIL_CONF["mailMessage"],
string $subject = MAIL_CONF["subject"],
array $toAddress = MAIL_CONF["toAddress"],
string $fromMail = MAIL_CONF["fromMail"]
): bool {
$to = implode(",", $toAddress);
$headers[] = 'MIME-Version: 1.0';
$headers[] = 'Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1';
$headers[] = 'To: '.$to;
$headers[] = 'From: '.$fromMail;
return mail($to, $subject, $mailMessage, implode("\r\n", $headers));
}
Mark Simon ¶
5 years ago
It is worth noting that you can set up a fake sendmail program using the sendmail_path directive in php.ini.
Despite the comment in that file, sendmail_path also works for Window. From https://www.php.net/manual/en/mail.configuration.php#ini.sendmail-path:
This directive works also under Windows. If set, smtp, smtp_port and sendmail_from are ignored and the specified command is executed.
charles dot fisher at arconic dot com ¶
7 years ago
I migrated an application to a platform without a local transport agent (MTA). I did not want to configure an MTA, so I wrote this xxmail function to replace mail() with calls to a remote SMTP server. Hopefully it is of some use.
function xxmail($to, $subject, $body, $headers)
{
$smtp = stream_socket_client('tcp://smtp.yourmail.com:25', $eno, $estr, 30);
$B = 8192;
$c = "\r\n";
$s = 'myapp@someserver.com';
fwrite($smtp, 'helo ' . $_ENV['HOSTNAME'] . $c);
$junk = fgets($smtp, $B);
// Envelope
fwrite($smtp, 'mail from: ' . $s . $c);
$junk = fgets($smtp, $B);
fwrite($smtp, 'rcpt to: ' . $to . $c);
$junk = fgets($smtp, $B);
fwrite($smtp, 'data' . $c);
$junk = fgets($smtp, $B);
// Header
fwrite($smtp, 'To: ' . $to . $c);
if(strlen($subject)) fwrite($smtp, 'Subject: ' . $subject . $c);
if(strlen($headers)) fwrite($smtp, $headers); // Must be \r\n (delimited)
fwrite($smtp, $headers . $c);
// Body
if(strlen($body)) fwrite($smtp, $body . $c);
fwrite($smtp, $c . '.' . $c);
$junk = fgets($smtp, $B);
// Close
fwrite($smtp, 'quit' . $c);
$junk = fgets($smtp, $B);
fclose($smtp);
}
chris at ocproducts dot com ¶
7 years ago
The 'sendmail' executable which PHP uses on Linux/Mac (not Windows) expects "\n" as a line separator.
This executable is a standard, and emulated by other MTAs.
"\n" is confirmed required for qmail and postfix, probably also for sendmail and exim but I have not tested.
If you pass through using "\r\n" as a separator it may appear to work, but your email will be subtly corrupted and some middleware may break. It only works because some systems will clean up your mistake.
If you are implementing DKIM be very careful, as DKIM checks will fail (at least on popular validation tools) if you screw this up. DKIM must be calculated using "\r\n" but then you must switch it all to "\n" when using the PHP mail function.
On Windows, however, you should use "\r\n" because PHP is using SMTP in this situation, and hence the normal rules of the SMTP protocol (not the normal rules of Unix piping) apply.
Porjo ¶
14 years ago
Make sure you enclose \r\n in double quotes (not single quotes!) so that PHP can translate that into the correct linefeed code
eeeugeneee ¶
7 years ago
Send mail with minimal requirements from email services.
<?php
$encoding = "utf-8";
// Preferences for Subject field
$subject_preferences = array(
"input-charset" => $encoding,
"output-charset" => $encoding,
"line-length" => 76,
"line-break-chars" => "\r\n"
);
// Mail header
$header = "Content-type: text/html; charset=".$encoding." \r\n";
$header .= "From: ".$from_name." <".$from_mail."> \r\n";
$header .= "MIME-Version: 1.0 \r\n";
$header .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit \r\n";
$header .= "Date: ".date("r (T)")." \r\n";
$header .= iconv_mime_encode("Subject", $mail_subject, $subject_preferences);
// Send mail
mail($mail_to, $mail_subject, $mail_message, $header);
?>
atesin > gmail ¶
1 year ago
mail() internals:
doing some tests i can say... if sendmail_path is defined in php.ini or by ini.set(), by calling function like...
mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers, $params)
would be like if php open a shell internally, execute this command, send this text to stdin, and return true if return value == 0
------------
shell> $sendmail_path $params
To: $to
Subject: $subject
$headers
$message
(EOF)
------------
in windows instead using php smtp which is very limited, i prefer to force use sendmail-like behavior, by setting sendmail_path and then use msmtp for windows
pavel.lint at vk.com ¶
12 years ago
Here's a small handy function I use to send email in UTF-8.
<?php
function mail_utf8($to, $from_user, $from_email,
$subject = '(No subject)', $message = '')
{
$from_user = "=?UTF-8?B?".base64_encode($from_user)."?=";
$subject = "=?UTF-8?B?".base64_encode($subject)."?=";
$headers = "From: $from_user <$from_email>\r\n".
"MIME-Version: 1.0" . "\r\n" .
"Content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8" . "\r\n";
return mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers);
}
?>
ABOMB ¶
12 years ago
I was having delivery issues from this function to Gmail, Yahoo, AOL, etc. I used the notes here to figure that you need to be setting your Return-Path to a valid email to catch bounces. There are two extra delivery gotchas on top of that:
1) The domain in the email used in the -f option in the php.ini sendmail parameter or in the mail() extra parameters field, needs to have a valid SPF record for the domain (in DNS as a "TXT" record type for sure and add an additional "SPF" type record if possible). Why? That's header field being used for spam checks.
2) You should also use a domain key or DKIM. The trick here is that the domain key/DKIM is case sensitive! I used Cpanel to create my domain key which automatically used all lowercase domain names in the key creation. I found when sending email and using a camel case "-f account@MyDomainHere.Com" option, my key was not accepted. However it was accepted when I used "-f account@mydomainhere.com".
There are many other factors that can contribute to mail not getting to inboxes, including your own multiple failed testing attempts, so I suggest you consult each site's guidelines and don't ask me for help. These are just the couple technical issues that helped my case.
I hope this saves someone some time and headaches...
Ben Cooke ¶
19 years ago
Note that there is a big difference between the behavior of this function on Windows systems vs. UNIX systems. On Windows it delivers directly to an SMTP server, while on a UNIX system it uses a local command to hand off to the system's own MTA.
The upshot of all this is that on a Windows system your message and headers must use the standard line endings \r\n as prescribed by the email specs. On a UNIX system the MTA's "sendmail" interface assumes that recieved data will use UNIX line endings and will turn any \n to \r\n, so you must supply only \n to mail() on a UNIX system to avoid the MTA hypercorrecting to \r\r\n.
If you use plain old \n on a Windows system, some MTAs will get a little upset. qmail in particular will refuse outright to accept any message that has a lonely \n without an accompanying \r.
rexlorenzo at gmail dot com ¶
12 years ago
Be careful to not put extra spaces for the $headers variable.
For example, this didn't work on our servers:
$headers = "From: $from \r\n Bcc: $bcc \r\n";
But this did:
$headers = "From: $from\r\nBcc: $bcc\r\n";
Notice the removal of the spaces around the first \r\n.
Anonymous ¶
1 year ago
So far I used the following to make sure special charakters where correctly shown in the mail subject:
<?php $subject = '=?utf-8?B?' . base64_encode($subject) . '?='; ?>
But with very long subjects, the header line gets longer than 76 chars and some e-mail servers really don't like that... So this is my new solution:
<?php $subject = substr(mb_encode_mimeheader("Subject: " . $subject, 'utf-8', 'B', "\r\n", 0), 9); ?>
Please note: I added "Subject: " in front of $subject and stripped it of afterwards. This is to make sure, that the necessarry space is reserved, as PHP will add the "Subject: " itself...
andrew at my-syte dot com ¶
2 years ago
Regarding To:
be careful not to duplicate To in the additional_headers,
lest gmail already flags it thus:
host gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com [142.251.xx.xx]
SMTP error from remote mail server after end of data:
550-5.7.1 [xxx.xxx.xx.xx] This message is not RFC 5322 compliant, the issue is:
550-5.7.1 duplicate To headers. To reduce the amount of spam sent to Gmail,
550-5.7.1 this message has been blocked. Please review
550 5.7.1 RFC 5322 specifications for more information.
Max AT ¶
12 years ago
To define a mail sensitivity you have to put this line in the headers:
<?php
$headers = "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" ;
$headers .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=\"iso-8859-1\"\n";
$headers .= "Sensitivity: Personal\n";
$status = mail($to, $subject, $message,$headers);
?>
Possible Options:
Sensitivity: Normal, Personal, Private and Company-Confidential
These will be recognised and handled in Outlook, Thunderbird and others.
php dot net at schrecktech dot com ¶
19 years ago
When sending MIME email make sure you follow the documentation with the "70" characters per line...you may end up with missing characters...and that is really hard to track down...
