Attributes overview

(PHP 8)

Attributes allow to add structured, machine-readable metadata information on declarations in code: Classes, methods, functions, parameters, properties and class constants can be the target of an attribute. The metadata defined by attributes can then be inspected at runtime using the Reflection APIs. Attributes could therefore be thought of as a configuration language embedded directly into code.

With attributes the generic implementation of a feature and its concrete use in an application can be decoupled. In a way it is comparable to interfaces and their implementations. But where interfaces and implementations are about code, attributes are about annotating extra information and configuration. Interfaces can be implemented by classes, yet attributes can also be declared on methods, functions, parameters, properties and class constants. As such they are more flexible than interfaces.

A simple example of attribute usage is to convert an interface that has optional methods to use attributes. Lets assume an ActionHandler interface representing an operation in an application, where some implementations of an action handler require setup and others do not. Instead of requiring all classes that implement ActionHandler to implement a method setUp(), we use an attribute that can be used instead. One benefit of this approach is that we can use the attribute several times.

Example #1 Implementing optional methods of an interface with Attributes

<?php
interface ActionHandler
{
    public function 
execute();
}

#[Attribute]
class SetUp {}

class 
CopyFile implements ActionHandler
{
    public 
string $fileName;
    public 
string $targetDirectory;

    
#[SetUp]
    
public function fileExists()
    {
        if (!
file_exists($this->fileName)) {
            throw new 
RuntimeException("File does not exist");
        }
    }

    
#[SetUp]
    
public function targetDirectoryExists()
    {
        
mkdir($this->targetDirectory);
    }

    public function 
execute()
    {
        
copy($this->fileName$this->targetDirectory '/' basename($this->fileName));
    }
}

function 
executeAction(ActionHandler $actionHandler)
{
    
$reflection = new ReflectionObject($actionHandler);

    foreach (
$reflection->getMethods() as $method) {
        
$attributes $method->getAttributes(SetUp::class);

        if (
count($attributes) > 0) {
            
$methodName $method->getName();

            
$actionHandler->$methodName();
        }
    }

    
$actionHandler->execute();
}

$copyAction = new CopyFile();
$copyAction->fileName "/tmp/foo.jpg";
$copyAction->targetDirectory "/home/user";

executeAction($copyAction);
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User Contributed Notes 3 notes

up
25
Florian Krmer
1 year ago
I've tried Harshdeeps example and it didn't run out of the box and I think it is not complete, so I wrote a complete and working naive example regarding attribute based serialization.

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

#[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_CLASS_CONSTANT|Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
class JsonSerialize
{
    public function
__construct(public ?string $fieldName = null) {}
}

class
VersionedObject
{
   
#[JsonSerialize]
   
public const version = '0.0.1';
}

class
UserLandClass extends VersionedObject
{
    protected
string $notSerialized = 'nope';

   
#[JsonSerialize('foobar')]
   
public string $myValue = '';

   
#[JsonSerialize('companyName')]
   
public string $company = '';

   
#[JsonSerialize('userLandClass')]
   
protected ?UserLandClass $test;

    public function
__construct(?UserLandClass $userLandClass = null)
    {
       
$this->test = $userLandClass;
    }
}

class
AttributeBasedJsonSerializer {

    protected const
ATTRIBUTE_NAME = 'JsonSerialize';

    public function
serialize($object)
    {
       
$data = $this->extract($object);

        return
json_encode($data, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
    }

    protected function
reflectProperties(array $data, ReflectionClass $reflectionClass, object $object)
    {
       
$reflectionProperties = $reflectionClass->getProperties();
        foreach (
$reflectionProperties as $reflectionProperty) {
           
$attributes = $reflectionProperty->getAttributes(static::ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
            foreach (
$attributes as $attribute) {
               
$instance = $attribute->newInstance();
               
$name = $instance->fieldName ?? $reflectionProperty->getName();
               
$value = $reflectionProperty->getValue($object);
                if (
is_object($value)) {
                   
$value = $this->extract($value);
                }
               
$data[$name] = $value;
            }
        }

        return
$data;
    }

    protected function
reflectConstants(array $data, ReflectionClass $reflectionClass)
    {
       
$reflectionConstants = $reflectionClass->getReflectionConstants();
        foreach (
$reflectionConstants as $reflectionConstant) {
           
$attributes = $reflectionConstant->getAttributes(static::ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
            foreach (
$attributes as $attribute) {
               
$instance = $attribute->newInstance();
               
$name = $instance->fieldName ?? $reflectionConstant->getName();
               
$value = $reflectionConstant->getValue();
                if (
is_object($value)) {
                   
$value = $this->extract($value);
                }
               
$data[$name] = $value;
            }
        }

        return
$data;
    }

    protected function
extract(object $object)
    {
       
$data = [];
       
$reflectionClass = new ReflectionClass($object);
       
$data = $this->reflectProperties($data, $reflectionClass, $object);
       
$data = $this->reflectConstants($data, $reflectionClass);

        return
$data;
    }
}

$userLandClass = new UserLandClass();
$userLandClass->company = 'some company name';
$userLandClass->myValue = 'my value';

$userLandClass2 = new UserLandClass($userLandClass);
$userLandClass2->company = 'second';
$userLandClass2->myValue = 'my second value';

$serializer = new AttributeBasedJsonSerializer();
$json = $serializer->serialize($userLandClass2);

var_dump(json_decode($json, true));
up
42
Harshdeep
2 years ago
While the example displays us what we can accomplish with attributes, it should be kept in mind that the main idea behind attributes is to attach static metadata to code (methods, properties, etc.).

This metadata often includes concepts such as "markers" and "configuration". For example, you can write a serializer using reflection that only serializes marked properties (with optional configuration, such as field name in serialized file). This is reminiscent of serializers written for C# applications.

That said, full reflection and attributes go hand in hand. If your use case is satisfied by inheritance or interfaces, prefer that. The most common use case for attributes is when you have no prior information about the provided object/class.

<?php
interface JsonSerializable
{
    public function
toJson() : array;
}
?>

versus, using attributes,
<?php

#[Attribute]
class JsonSerialize
{
    public function
__constructor(public ?string $fieldName = null) {}
}

class
VersionedObject
{
  
#[JsonSerialize]
   
public const version = '0.0.1';
}

public class
UserLandClass extends VersionedObject
{
   
#[JsonSerialize('call it Jackson')]
   
public string $myValue;
}

?>
The example above is a little extra convoluted with the existence of the VersionedObject class as I wished to display that with attribute mark ups, you do not need to care how the base class manages its attributes (no call to parent in overriden method).
up
-70
Justin
2 years ago
Allowing multiple functions to be tagged with the same Attribute is promoting weird design patterns. Because now the order of the tagged functions within the class becomes relevant. The order of functions within a class should remain arbitrary.

It would be better to limit function tagging to one Attribute only. This would force people to implement one function per attribute, which can then call all the other functions they would otherwise tag with these Attribute's.
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