In relation to all of the crypto "advice" seen here, my suggestion is that you ignore most of it. Some of it is good, some of it is bad, but most of it skips the critical issues.
I had hoped to write out a nice long explanation, but PHP's commenting system tells me my essay is too long. Instead I will say this:
You should use CBC, with a randomly chosen IV that is unique per key, and you should transmit that IV in the clear along with your ciphertext. You should also perform an authenticity check of that entire data blob, using something like HMAC-SHA256, with another independent key.
Here's the full-text of what I was going to write: http://pastebin.com/sN6buivY
If you're interested in this stuff, or just want more information, check out the Wikipedia articles around block cipher modes, block ciphers, HMAC, etc.
I also suggest reading Practical Cryptography by Bruce Schneier, as well as Cryptography Engineering by Niels Ferguson, both of which are very easy-to-digest books on practical cryptography.
mcrypt_create_iv
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7 < 7.2.0, PECL mcrypt >= 1.0.0)
mcrypt_create_iv — 从随机源创建初始向量
说明
从随机源创建初始向量。
初始向量只是为了给加密算法提供一个可用的种子， 所以它不需要安全保护， 你甚至可以随同密文一起发布初始向量也不会对安全性带来影响。
参数
-
size -
初始向量大小。
-
source -
初始向量数据来源。可选值有：
MCRYPT_RAND（系统随机数生成器）,MCRYPT_DEV_RANDOM（从 /dev/random 文件读取数据） 和MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM（从 /dev/urandom 文件读取数据）。 在 Windows 平台，PHP 5.3.0 之前的版本中，仅支持MCRYPT_RAND。请注意，在 PHP 5.6.0 之前的版本中， 此参数的默认值为
MCRYPT_DEV_RANDOM。注意: 需要注意的是，如果没有更多可用的用来产生随机数据的信息，那么
MCRYPT_DEV_RANDOM可能进入阻塞状态。
返回值
返回初始向量。如果发生错误，则返回 false。
示例
示例 #1 mcrypt_create_iv() 示例
<?php
$size = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_CAST_256, MCRYPT_MODE_CFB);
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv($size, MCRYPT_DEV_RANDOM);
?>参见
- » http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/GLOSSARY.HTM#IV
- » http://www.quadibloc.com/crypto/co0409.htm
- Applied Cryptography by Schneier (ISBN 0-471-11709-9) 9.3 节。
- random_bytes() - Get cryptographically secure random bytes
add a note
User Contributed Notes 13 notes
Graham ¶
10 years ago
Chris ¶
18 years ago
>First, the IV should be random and variable. The whole >point of it is to ensure that the same plaintext does not >encrypt to the same ciphertext every time. You most >certainly do lose security if the IV is constant or public.
Wrong, Wrong WRONG! The initialization vector is ALLOWED to be PUBLIC! It is generally sent along with the ciphertext, UNENCRYPTED.
>The ciphertext should be E(IV | plaintext, key)
Wrong again! The initialization vector is NOT prepended to the plaintext before encryption. The IV is used to seed the feedback system! (which is why you don't need one in ECB mode - there is no feedback)
>Second, the IV should not be part of the decryption >parameters at all. You should be able to decrypt the cipher >text, throw away the initial vector at the front w/o even >reading it, and have your plaintext:
Nope. You need to seed the feedback mechanism during decryption to the SAME state as it was seeded during encryption. This means using the SAME IV!
nils at nm dot cx ¶
12 years ago
If you use /dev/random you need a well filled entropy pool or the application will block until enough good entropy comes available
hans at llis dot nl ¶
12 years ago
This does NOT generate randomly distributed IV's on all systems and therefore poses a big security risk. Using a script (based on the one that Alex Khimch's posted on the rand() page) one can easily check this:
<?php
$td = mcrypt_module_open (MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, "", MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, "");
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv (mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size ($td), MCRYPT_DEV_RANDOM);
// header("Content-type: image/png");
$img = imagecreatetruecolor(255,255);
$ink = imagecolorallocate($img,255,255,255);
for($i=0;$i<255;$i++) {
for($j=0;$j<255;$j++) {
$twobytes = substr ($iv, 0, 2);
$iv = substr ($iv, 2);
if (!strlen ($iv)) $iv = mcrypt_create_iv (mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size ($td), MCRYPT_RAND);
imagesetpixel($img, ord($twobytes[0]), ord($twobytes[1]), $ink);
}
}
imagepng($img);
imagedestroy($img);
?>
The resulting image should show random noise, but on the windows systems I tested (running PHP 5.3.x) it showed very distinct patterns.
robert at peakepro dot com ¶
20 years ago
It is important to note that all cipher modes except ecb require the same IV to be used in decryption as was used in encryption.
You need to pass the key *and* the IV to your decrypt function. Initializing a new IV in the decrypt routine will not work.
Since, "you even can send [the IV] along with your ciphertext without loosing security," a nice way to handle this is to prepend your IV to your ciphertext. Since the IV is fixed-width, you can then easily recover the IV and original ciphertext using mcrypt_get_iv_size() and substr().
Here is an example:
<?PHP
function my_encrypt($string,$key) {
srand((double) microtime() * 1000000); //for sake of MCRYPT_RAND
$key = md5($key); //to improve variance
/* Open module, and create IV */
$td = mcrypt_module_open('des', '','cfb', '');
$key = substr($key, 0, mcrypt_enc_get_key_size($td));
$iv_size = mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size($td);
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
/* Initialize encryption handle */
if (mcrypt_generic_init($td, $key, $iv) != -1) {
/* Encrypt data */
$c_t = mcrypt_generic($td, $string);
mcrypt_generic_deinit($td);
mcrypt_module_close($td);
$c_t = $iv.$c_t;
return $c_t;
} //end if
}
function my_decrypt($string,$key) {
$key = md5($key); //to improve variance
/* Open module, and create IV */
$td = mcrypt_module_open('des', '','cfb', '');
$key = substr($key, 0, mcrypt_enc_get_key_size($td));
$iv_size = mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size($td);
$iv = substr($string,0,$iv_size);
$string = substr($string,$iv_size);
/* Initialize encryption handle */
if (mcrypt_generic_init($td, $key, $iv) != -1) {
/* Encrypt data */
$c_t = mdecrypt_generic($td, $string);
mcrypt_generic_deinit($td);
mcrypt_module_close($td);
return $c_t;
} //end if
}
// to test:
//print my_decrypt(my_encrypt("Hello, world.","foo"),"foo");
?>
kkaiser at dataresolutions dot com ¶
18 years ago
After profiling a rather large, dynamic website I maintain to determine the cause of intermittent freezing in execution, I found that calls to mcrypt_create_iv() using MCRYPT_DEV_RANDOM as the source consistently halted execution for anywhere from 0.2 to ~12 seconds per call, ironically at random. I'm making the assumption that the halts were caused by insufficient random input being currently available in /dev/random due to its intended function to block until enough random input is provided back to the device. I've found it to be sufficient for my needs to use a modified version of the alt_mcrypt_create_iv() function found below.
Although untested, I assume using MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM or a combination of MCRYPT_DEV_RAND with srand() would've solved the problem as well; I found out after the fact that /dev/urandom's intended function is to seamlessly provide cryptographically secure output from the random number generator when the /dev/urandom buffer was empty, and MCRYPT_DEV_RAND would simply use the same rand() function as alt_mcrypt_create_iv().
-Kevin Kaiser
tim at indigopixel dot com ¶
20 years ago
From http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/GLOSSARY.HTM#IV (linked to above):
"While it is often said that IV values need only be random-like or unpredictable, and need not be confidential, in the case of CBC mode, that advice can lead to man-in-the-middle attacks on the first plaintext block. If a MITM opponent knows the usual content of the first block, they can change the IV to manipulate that block (and only that block) to deliver a different address, or different dollar amounts, or different commands, or whatever. And while the conventional advice is to use a MAC at a higher level to detect changed plaintext, that is not always desirable or properly executed. But the CBC first-block problem is easily solved at the CBC level simply by enciphering the IV and otherwise keeping it confidential, and that can be reasonable even when a MAC will be used later."
wschalle at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
hans at illis dot nl's demonstration code is incorrect. In the loop, he uses:
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv (mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size ($td), MCRYPT_RAND);
When it should actually be:
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv (mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size ($td), MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);
This produces consistent results on Windows.
joseph dot t dot fallon at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
Block ciphers, at their core, are a pair of transformation algorithms, called transforms. One encrypts, one decrypts - in some cases the algorithms are one and the same, but that's not important. A block transform takes a fixed-length block of plaintext, transforms it using a secret key of some chosen size, and produces an identical-length block of ciphertext. Or, of course, vice versa (decryption).
The security model of a block cipher is, simplistically at least, defined to be "if you encrypt one block of plaintext with a randomly chosen key, it will be computationally infeasible for an attacker with knowledge of only the ciphertext (i.e. he does not know the key) to discover information about the contents of the plaintext". The reality is slightly different - there are also clauses around knowing part of the plaintext and not being able to discover any more of it - but that's another story.
Once you start encrypting more than one block of plaintext using the same block transform and the same key, all bets are off. In the Electronic Codebook (ECB) cipher mode, each block of plaintext is independently transformed using the same key. This leads to a problem: identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks, when the same key is used. This means that "patterns" in the data can be seen, especially in data formats that have repeating patterns or long sequences of identical data. This is best described visually, with an ECB-encrypted bitmap. See the Wikipedia article on ECB for a demonstration of this.
Matthew ¶
16 years ago
I encrypt a few items on a page in a project i am working on and I have found the IV create function to introduce huge delays in rendering the page too (I noticed someone else here had this problem).
It's quite common for a 4 second render time for what should be a snappy site. I would recommend that if speed is essential that an alternative method be used to create your IV (such as the one below if you feel it secure enough).
After using an alternative IV creation method my page went from a 4 second render to a 0.01 second render time.
Anonymous ¶
19 years ago
At:
edwardzyang at thewritingpot dot com
19-Jul-2005 10:06
This is because of the fact, that (like described in the manual above) this function does NOT reseed the random number generator, in contrary to rand(). Use srand() like suggested above to get correct IVs.
Mahn ¶
10 years ago
Specify MCRYPT_RAND in the second parameter if this function randomly hangs in your requests.
fandelem at hotmail dot com ¶
22 years ago
note: if you are experiencing a problem about complaining that the second parameter has to be a 'long' and you are giving a 'string' (for me, it was using MCRYPT_URANDOM) you might want to try MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM :)
