Watch out when 'importing' variables to a closure's scope -- it's easy to miss / forget that they are actually being *copied* into the closure's scope, rather than just being made available.
So you will need to explicitly pass them in by reference if your closure cares about their contents over time:
<?php
$result = 0;
$one = function()
{ var_dump($result); };
$two = function() use ($result)
{ var_dump($result); };
$three = function() use (&$result)
{ var_dump($result); };
$result++;
$one(); // outputs NULL: $result is not in scope
$two(); // outputs int(0): $result was copied
$three(); // outputs int(1)
?>
Another less trivial example with objects (what I actually tripped up on):
<?php
//set up variable in advance
$myInstance = null;
$broken = function() uses ($myInstance)
{
if(!empty($myInstance)) $myInstance->doSomething();
};
$working = function() uses (&$myInstance)
{
if(!empty($myInstance)) $myInstance->doSomething();
}
//$myInstance might be instantiated, might not be
if(SomeBusinessLogic::worked() == true)
{
$myInstance = new myClass();
}
$broken(); // will never do anything: $myInstance will ALWAYS be null inside this closure.
$working(); // will call doSomething if $myInstance is instantiated
?>
Funciones anónimas
Las funciones anónimas, también conocidas como cierres (closures), permiten
la creación de funciones que no tienen un nombre especificado. Son más útiles como
valor de los parámetros de llamadas de retorno,
pero tienen muchos otros usos.
Las funciones anónimas están implementadas utilizando la clase Closure.
Ejemplo #1 Ejemplo de función anónima
<?php
echo preg_replace_callback('~-([a-z])~', function ($coincidencia) {
return strtoupper($coincidencia[1]);
}, 'hola-mundo');
// imprime holaMundo
?>Los cierres también se pueden usar como valores de variables; PHP automáticamente convierte tales expresiones en instancias de la clase interna Closure. La asignación de un cierre a una variable emplea la misma sintaxis que cualquier otra asignación, incluido el punto y coma final:
Ejemplo #2 Ejemplo de asignación de variable de una función anónima
<?php
$saludo = function($nombre)
{
printf("Hola %s\r\n", $nombre);
};
$saludo('Mundo');
$saludo('PHP');
?>
Los cierres también pueden heredar variables del ámbito padre. Cualquier
variable debe ser pasada al constructor de lenguaje use.
Desde PHP 7.1, estas variables no deben incluir superglobals,
$this, o variables con el mismo nombre que un parámetro.
Ejemplo #3 Heredar variables de un ámbito padre
<?php
$mensaje = 'hola';
// Sin "use"
$ejemplo = function () {
var_dump($mensaje);
};
$ejemplo();
// Heredar $mensaje
$ejemplo = function () use ($mensaje) {
var_dump($mensaje);
};
$ejemplo();
// El valor de la variable heredada está cuando la función
// está definida, no cuando se le invoca
$mensaje = 'mundo';
$ejemplo();
// Reiniciar el mensaje
$mensaje = 'hola';
// Heredar por referencia
$ejemplo = function () use (&$mensaje) {
var_dump($mensaje);
};
$ejemplo();
// El valor cambiado en el ámbito padre
// se refleja dentro de la llamada a la función
$mensaje = 'mundo';
$ejemplo();
// Los cierres también aceptan argumentos normales
$ejemplo = function ($arg) use ($mensaje) {
var_dump($arg . ' ' . $mensaje);
};
$ejemplo("hola");
?>El resultado del ejemplo sería algo similar a:
Notice: Undefined variable: message in /example.php on line 6 NULL string(4) "hola" string(4) "hola" string(4) "hola" string(5) "mundo" string(10) "hola mundo"
Heredar variables del ámbito padre no es lo mismo que usar variables globales. Las variables globales existen en el ámbito global, lo que implica que no importa qué función se esté ejecutando. El ámbito padre de un cierre es la función en la que dicho cierre fue declarado (no necesariamente la función desde la que se llamó). Vea el siguiente ejemplo:
Ejemplo #4 Cierres y ámbito
<?php
// Un carro de compras básico que contiene una lista de productos añadidos
// y la cantidad de cada producto. Incluye un método que
// calcula el precio total de los artículos del carro usando un
// cierre como llamada de retorno.
class Carro
{
const PRECIO_MANTEQUILLA = 1.00;
const PRECIO_LECHE = 3.00;
const PRECIO_HUEVOS = 6.95;
protected $productos = array();
public function añadir($producto, $cantidad)
{
$this->productos[$producto] = $cantidad;
}
public function obtenerCantidad($producto)
{
return isset($this->productos[$producto]) ? $this->productos[$producto] :
FALSE;
}
public function obtenerTotal($impuesto)
{
$total = 0.00;
$llamadaDeRetorno =
function ($cantidad, $producto) use ($impuesto, &$total)
{
$precioUnidad = constant(__CLASS__ . "::PRECIO_" .
strtoupper($producto));
$total += ($precioUnidad * $cantidad) * ($impuesto + 1.0);
};
array_walk($this->productos, $llamadaDeRetorno);
return round($total, 2);
}
}
$mi_carro = new Carro;
// Añadir algunos artículos al carro
$mi_carro->añadir('mantequilla', 1);
$mi_carro->añadir('leche', 3);
$mi_carro->añadir('huevos', 6);
// Imprimir el total con un impuesto de venta del 5%.
print $mi_carro->obtenerTotal(0.05) . "\n";
// El resultado es 54.29
?>Ejemplo #5 Vinculación automática de $this
<?php
class Test
{
public function testing()
{
return function() {
var_dump($this);
};
}
}
$object = new Test;
$function = $object->testing();
$function();
?>El resultado del ejemplo sería:
object(Test)#1 (0) {
}
Salida del ejemplo anterior en PHP 5.3:
Notice: Undefined variable: this in script.php on line 8 NULL
A partir de PHP 5.4.0, cuando se declara en el contexto de una clase, la clase actual está
vinculada a ella automáticamente, haciendo que $this esté disponible
dentro del ámbito de la función. Si no se desea esta vinculación automática
de la clase actual, se deberían usar
funcions anónimas
estáticas en su lugar.
Static anonymous functions
A partir de PHP 5.4, las funciones anónimas pueden ser declaradas estáticamente. Esto evita tener la clase actual vinculada automáticamente a ellas. Los objetos tampoco podrían vincularse a ellas durante la ejecución.
Ejemplo #6 Intentar usar $this dentro de una función anónima estática
<?php
class Foo
{
function __construct()
{
$func = static function() {
var_dump($this);
};
$func();
}
};
new Foo();
?>El resultado del ejemplo sería:
Notice: Undefined variable: this in %s on line %d NULL
Ejemplo #7 Intentar vincular un objeto a una función anónima estática
<?php
$func = static function() {
// cuerpo de la función
};
$func = $func->bindTo(new StdClass);
$func();
?>El resultado del ejemplo sería:
Warning: Cannot bind an instance to a static closure in %s on line %d
Historial de cambios
| Versión | Descripción |
|---|---|
| 7.1.0 | Las funciones anónimas no pueden tener un cierre sobre superglobals, $this, o cualquier variable con el mismo nombre que un parámetro. |
| 5.4.0 | Las funciones anónimas pueden usar $this, así como ser declaradas státicamente. |
| 5.3.0 | Las funciones anónimas se encuentran disponibles. |
Notas
Nota: Es posible utilizar func_num_args(), func_get_arg(), y func_get_args() desde dentro de un cierre.
add a note
User Contributed Notes 18 notes
orls ¶
14 years ago
erolmon dot kskn at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
<?php
/*
(string) $name Name of the function that you will add to class.
Usage : $Foo->add(function(){},$name);
This will add a public function in Foo Class.
*/
class Foo
{
public function add($func,$name)
{
$this->{$name} = $func;
}
public function __call($func,$arguments){
call_user_func_array($this->{$func}, $arguments);
}
}
$Foo = new Foo();
$Foo->add(function(){
echo "Hello World";
},"helloWorldFunction");
$Foo->add(function($parameterone){
echo $parameterone;
},"exampleFunction");
$Foo->helloWorldFunction(); /*Output : Hello World*/
$Foo->exampleFunction("Hello PHP"); /*Output : Hello PHP*/
?>
cHao ¶
10 years ago
In case you were wondering (cause i was), anonymous functions can return references just like named functions can. Simply use the & the same way you would for a named function...right after the `function` keyword (and right before the nonexistent name).
<?php
$value = 0;
$fn = function &() use (&$value) { return $value; };
$x =& $fn();
var_dump($x, $value); // 'int(0)', 'int(0)'
++$x;
var_dump($x, $value); // 'int(1)', 'int(1)'
dexen dot devries at gmail dot com ¶
6 years ago
Every instance of a lambda has own instance of static variables. This provides for great event handlers, accumulators, etc., etc.
Creating new lambda with function() { ... }; expression creates new instance of its static variables. Assigning a lambda to a variable does not create a new instance. A lambda is object of class Closure, and assigning lambdas to variables has the same semantics as assigning object instance to variables.
Example script: $a and $b have separate instances of static variables, thus produce different output. However $b and $c share their instance of static variables - because $c is refers to the same object of class Closure as $b - thus produce the same output.
#!/usr/bin/env php
<?php
function generate_lambda() : Closure
{
# creates new instance of lambda
return function($v = null) {
static $stored;
if ($v !== null)
$stored = $v;
return $stored;
};
}
$a = generate_lambda(); # creates new instance of statics
$b = generate_lambda(); # creates new instance of statics
$c = $b; # uses the same instance of statics as $b
$a('test AAA');
$b('test BBB');
$c('test CCC'); # this overwrites content held by $b, because it refers to the same object
var_dump([ $a(), $b(), $c() ]);
?>
This test script outputs:
array(3) {
[0]=>
string(8) "test AAA"
[1]=>
string(8) "test CCC"
[2]=>
string(8) "test CCC"
}
jake dot tunaley at berkeleyit dot com ¶
5 years ago
Beware of using $this in anonymous functions assigned to a static variable.
<?php
class Foo {
public function bar() {
static $anonymous = null;
if ($anonymous === null) {
// Expression is not allowed as static initializer workaround
$anonymous = function () {
return $this;
};
}
return $anonymous();
}
}
$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
var_dump($a->bar() === $a); // True
var_dump($b->bar() === $a); // Also true
?>
In a static anonymous function, $this will be the value of whatever object instance that method was called on first.
To get the behaviour you're probably expecting, you need to pass the $this context into the function.
<?php
class Foo {
public function bar() {
static $anonymous = null;
if ($anonymous === null) {
// Expression is not allowed as static initializer workaround
$anonymous = function (self $thisObj) {
return $thisObj;
};
}
return $anonymous($this);
}
}
$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
var_dump($a->bar() === $a); // True
var_dump($b->bar() === $a); // False
?>
ayon at hyurl dot com ¶
7 years ago
One way to call a anonymous function recursively is to use the USE keyword and pass a reference to the function itself:
<?php
$count = 1;
$add = function($count) use (&$add){
$count += 1;
if($count < 10) $count = $add($count); //recursive calling
return $count;
};
echo $add($count); //Will output 10 as expected
?>
a dot schaffhirt at sedna-soft dot de ¶
15 years ago
When using anonymous functions as properties in Classes, note that there are three name scopes: one for constants, one for properties and one for methods. That means, you can use the same name for a constant, for a property and for a method at a time.
Since a property can be also an anonymous function as of PHP 5.3.0, an oddity arises when they share the same name, not meaning that there would be any conflict.
Consider the following example:
<?php
class MyClass {
const member = 1;
public $member;
public function member () {
return "method 'member'";
}
public function __construct () {
$this->member = function () {
return "anonymous function 'member'";
};
}
}
header("Content-Type: text/plain");
$myObj = new MyClass();
var_dump(MyClass::member); // int(1)
var_dump($myObj->member); // object(Closure)#2 (0) {}
var_dump($myObj->member()); // string(15) "method 'member'"
$myMember = $myObj->member;
var_dump($myMember()); // string(27) "anonymous function 'member'"
?>
That means, regular method invocations work like expected and like before. The anonymous function instead, must be retrieved into a variable first (just like a property) and can only then be invoked.
Best regards,
simon at generalflows dot com ¶
13 years ago
<?php
/*
* An example showing how to use closures to implement a Python-like decorator
* pattern.
*
* My goal was that you should be able to decorate a function with any
* other function, then call the decorated function directly:
*
* Define function: $foo = function($a, $b, $c, ...) {...}
* Define decorator: $decorator = function($func) {...}
* Decorate it: $foo = $decorator($foo)
* Call it: $foo($a, $b, $c, ...)
*
* This example show an authentication decorator for a service, using a simple
* mock session and mock service.
*/
session_start();
/*
* Define an example decorator. A decorator function should take the form:
* $decorator = function($func) {
* return function() use $func) {
* // Do something, then call the decorated function when needed:
* $args = func_get_args($func);
* call_user_func_array($func, $args);
* // Do something else.
* };
* };
*/
$authorise = function($func) {
return function() use ($func) {
if ($_SESSION['is_authorised'] == true) {
$args = func_get_args($func);
call_user_func_array($func, $args);
}
else {
echo "Access Denied";
}
};
};
/*
* Define a function to be decorated, in this example a mock service that
* need to be authorised.
*/
$service = function($foo) {
echo "Service returns: $foo";
};
/*
* Decorate it. Ensure you replace the origin function reference with the
* decorated function; ie just $authorise($service) won't work, so do
* $service = $authorise($service)
*/
$service = $authorise($service);
/*
* Establish mock authorisation, call the service; should get
* 'Service returns: test 1'.
*/
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] = true;
$service('test 1');
/*
* Remove mock authorisation, call the service; should get 'Access Denied'.
*/
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] = false;
$service('test 2');
?>
derkontrollfreak+9hy5l at gmail dot com ¶
10 years ago
Beware that since PHP 5.4 registering a Closure as an object property that has been instantiated in the same object scope will create a circular reference which prevents immediate object destruction:
<?php
class Test
{
private $closure;
public function __construct()
{
$this->closure = function () {
};
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo "destructed\n";
}
}
new Test;
echo "finished\n";
/*
* Result in PHP 5.3:
* ------------------
* destructed
* finished
*
* Result since PHP 5.4:
* ---------------------
* finished
* destructed
*/
?>
To circumvent this, you can instantiate the Closure in a static method:
<?php
public function __construct()
{
$this->closure = self::createClosure();
}
public static function createClosure()
{
return function () {
};
}
?>
mail at mkharitonov dot net ¶
10 years ago
Some comparisons of PHP and JavaScript closures.
=== Example 1 (passing by value) ===
PHP code:
<?php
$aaa = 111;
$func = function() use($aaa){ print $aaa; };
$aaa = 222;
$func(); // Outputs "111"
?>
Similar JavaScript code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var func = (function(aaa){ return function(){ alert(aaa); } })(aaa);
aaa = 222;
func(); // Outputs "111"
</script>
Be careful, following code is not similar to previous code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var bbb = aaa;
var func = function(){ alert(bbb); };
aaa = 222;
func(); // Outputs "111", but only while "bbb" is not changed after function declaration
// And this technique is not working in loops:
var functions = [];
for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
var i2 = i;
functions.push(function(){ alert(i2); });
}
functions[0](); // Outputs "1", wrong!
functions[1](); // Outputs "1", ok
</script>
=== Example 2 (passing by reference) ===
PHP code:
<?php
$aaa = 111;
$func = function() use(&$aaa){ print $aaa; };
$aaa = 222;
$func(); // Outputs "222"
?>
Similar JavaScript code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var func = function(){ alert(aaa); };
aaa = 222; // Outputs "222"
func();
</script>
toonitw at gmail dot com ¶
6 years ago
As of PHP 7.0, you can use IIFE(Immediately-invoked function expression) by wrapping your anonymous function with ().
<?php
$type = 'number';
var_dump( ...( function() use ($type) {
if ($type=='number') return [1,2,3];
else if ($type=='alphabet') return ['a','b','c'];
} )() );
?>
john at binkmail dot com ¶
7 years ago
PERFORMANCE BENCHMARK 2017!
I decided to compare a single, saved closure against constantly creating the same anonymous closure on every loop iteration. And I tried 10 million loop iterations, in PHP 7.0.14 from Dec 2016. Result:
a single saved closure kept in a variable and re-used (10000000 iterations): 1.3874590396881 seconds
new anonymous closure created each time (10000000 iterations): 2.8460240364075 seconds
In other words, over the course of 10 million iterations, creating the closure again during every iteration only added a total of "1.459 seconds" to the runtime. So that means that every creation of a new anonymous closure takes about 146 nanoseconds on my 7 years old dual-core laptop. I guess PHP keeps a cached "template" for the anonymous function and therefore doesn't need much time to create a new instance of the closure!
So you do NOT have to worry about constantly re-creating your anonymous closures over and over again in tight loops! At least not as of PHP 7! There is absolutely NO need to save an instance in a variable and re-use it. And not being restricted by that is a great thing, because it means you can feel free to use anonymous functions exactly where they matter, as opposed to defining them somewhere else in the code. :-)
rob at ubrio dot us ¶
14 years ago
You can always call protected members using the __call() method - similar to how you hack around this in Ruby using send.
<?php
class Fun
{
protected function debug($message)
{
echo "DEBUG: $message\n";
}
public function yield_something($callback)
{
return $callback("Soemthing!!");
}
public function having_fun()
{
$self =& $this;
return $this->yield_something(function($data) use (&$self)
{
$self->debug("Doing stuff to the data");
// do something with $data
$self->debug("Finished doing stuff with the data.");
});
}
// Ah-Ha!
public function __call($method, $args = array())
{
if(is_callable(array($this, $method)))
return call_user_func_array(array($this, $method), $args);
}
}
$fun = new Fun();
echo $fun->having_fun();
?>
kdelux at gmail dot com ¶
14 years ago
Here is an example of one way to define, then use the variable ( $this ) in Closure functions. The code below explores all uses, and shows restrictions.
The most useful tool in this snippet is the requesting_class() function that will tell you which class is responsible for executing the current Closure().
Overview:
-----------------------
Successfully find calling object reference.
Successfully call $this(__invoke);
Successfully reference $$this->name;
Successfully call call_user_func(array($this, 'method'))
Failure: reference anything through $this->
Failure: $this->name = '';
Failure: $this->delfect();
<?php
function requesting_class()
{
foreach(debug_backtrace(true) as $stack){
if(isset($stack['object'])){
return $stack['object'];
}
}
}
class Person
{
public $name = '';
public $head = true;
public $feet = true;
public $deflected = false;
function __invoke($p){ return $this->$p; }
function __toString(){ return 'this'; } // test for reference
function __construct($name){ $this->name = $name; }
function deflect(){ $this->deflected = true; }
public function shoot()
{ // If customAttack is defined, use that as the shoot resut. Otherwise shoot feet
if(is_callable($this->customAttack)){
return call_user_func($this->customAttack);
}
$this->feet = false;
}
}
$p = new Person('Bob');
$p->customAttack =
function(){
echo $this; // Notice: Undefined variable: this
#$this = new Class() // FATAL ERROR
// Trick to assign the variable '$this'
extract(array('this' => requesting_class())); // Determine what class is responsible for making the call to Closure
var_dump( $this ); // Passive reference works
var_dump( $$this ); // Added to class: function __toString(){ return 'this'; }
$name = $this('name'); // Success
echo $name; // Outputs: Bob
echo '<br />';
echo $$this->name;
call_user_func_array(array($this, 'deflect'), array()); // SUCCESSFULLY CALLED
#$this->head = 0; //** FATAL ERROR: Using $this when not in object context
$$this->head = 0; // Successfully sets value
};
print_r($p);
$p->shoot();
print_r($p);
die();
?>
mike at borft dot student dot utwente dot nl ¶
12 years ago
Since it is possible to assign closures to class variables, it is a shame it is not possible to call them directly. ie. the following does not work:
<?php
class foo {
public test;
public function __construct(){
$this->test = function($a) {
print "$a\n";
};
}
}
$f = new foo();
$f->test();
?>
However, it is possible using the magic __call function:
<?php
class foo {
public test;
public function __construct(){
$this->test = function($a) {
print "$a\n";
};
}
public function __call($method, $args){
if ( $this->{$method} instanceof Closure ) {
return call_user_func_array($this->{$method},$args);
} else {
return parent::__call($method, $args);
}
}
}
$f = new foo();
$f->test();
?>
it
Hope it helps someone ;)
Anonymous ¶
15 years ago
If you want to check whether you're dealing with a closure specifically and not a string or array callback you can do this:
<?php
$isAClosure = is_callable($thing) && is_object($thing);
?>
gabriel dot totoliciu at ddsec dot net ¶
14 years ago
If you want to make a recursive closure, you will need to write this:
$some_var1="1";
$some_var2="2";
function($param1, $param2) use ($some_var1, $some_var2)
{
//some code here
call_user_func(__FUNCTION__, $other_param1, $other_param2);
//some code here
}
If you need to pass values by reference you should check out
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func.php
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func-array.php
If you're wondering if $some_var1 and $some_var2 are still visible by using the call_user_func, yes, they are available.
Hayley Watson ¶
1 year ago
"If this automatic binding of the current class is not wanted, then static anonymous functions may be used instead. "
The main reason why you would not want automatic binding is that as long as the Closure object created for the anonymous function exists, it retains a reference to the object that spawned it, preventing the object from being destroyed, even if the object is no longer alive anywhere else in the program, and even if the function itself doesn't use $this.
<?php
class Foo
{
public function __construct(private string $id)
{
echo "Creating Foo " . $this->id, "\n";
}
public function gimme_function()
{
return function(){};
}
public function gimme_static_function()
{
return static function(){};
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo "Destroying Foo " . $this->id, "\n";
}
}
echo "An object is destroyed as soon as its last reference is removed.\n";
$t = new Foo('Alice');
$t = new Foo('Bob'); // Causes Alice to be destroyed.
// Now destroy Bob.
unset($t);
echo "---\n";
echo "A non-static anonymous function retains a reference to the object which created it.\n";
$u = new Foo('Carol');
$ufn = $u->gimme_function();
$u = new Foo('Daisy'); // Does not cause Carol to be destroyed,
// because there is still a reference to
// it in the function held by $ufn.
unset($u); // Causes Daisy to be destroyed.
echo "---\n"; // Note that Carol hasn't been destroyed yet.
echo "A static anonymous function does not retain a reference to the object which created it.\n";
$v = new Foo('Eve');
$vfn = $v->gimme_static_function();
$v = new Foo('Farid'); // The function held by $vfn does not
// hold a reference to Eve, so Eve does get destroyed here.
unset($v); // Destroy Farid
echo "---\n";
// And then the program finishes, discarding any references to any objects still alive
// (specifically, Carol).
?>
Because $ufn survived to the end of the end of the program, Carol survived as well. $vfn also survived to the end of the program, but the function it contained was declared static, so didn't retain a reference to Eve.
Anonymous functions that retain references to otherwise-dead objects are therefore a potential source of memory leaks. If the function has no use for the object that spawned it, declaring it static prevents it from causing the object to outlive its usefulness.
