The keyword "use" has been recycled for three distinct applications:
1- to import/alias classes, traits, constants, etc. in namespaces,
2- to insert traits in classes,
3- to inherit variables in closures.
This page is only about the first application: importing/aliasing. Traits can be inserted in classes, but this is different from importing a trait in a namespace, which cannot be done in a block scope, as pointed out in example 5. This can be confusing, especially since all searches for the keyword "use" are directed to the documentation here on importing/aliasing.
(PHP 5 >= 5.3.0, PHP 7, PHP 8)
Utilisation des espaces de noms : importation et alias
La capacité de faire référence à un nom absolu avec un alias ou en important un espace de noms est stratégique. C'est un avantage similaire aux liens symboliques dans un système de fichiers.
PHP peut aliaser(/importer) les constantes, fonctions, classes, interfaces, traits, énumérations et les espaces de noms.
Un alias est créé avec l'opérateur use.
Voici un exemple qui présente les cinq types d'importation :
Exemple #1 importation et alias avec l'opérateur use
<?php
namespace foo;
use My\Full\Classname as Another;
// Ceci est la même chose que use My\Full\NSname as NSname
use My\Full\NSname;
// importation d'une classe globale
use ArrayObject;
// importation d'une fonction
use function My\Full\functionName;
// alias d'une fonction
use function My\Full\functionName as func;
// importation d'une constante
use const My\Full\CONSTANT;
$obj = new namespace\Another; // instantie un objet de la classe foo\Another
$obj = new Another; // instantie un objet de la classe My\Full\Classname
NSname\subns\func(); // appelle la fonction My\Full\NSname\subns\func
$a = new ArrayObject(array(1)); // instantie un objet de la classe ArrayObject
// Sans l'instruction "use ArrayObject" nous aurions instantié un objet de la classe foo\ArrayObject
func(); // Appel la fonction My\Full\functionName
echo CONSTANT; // affiche la valeur de My\Full\CONSTANT
?>Foo\Bar, par comparaison avec
les noms globaux, tels que FooBar, qui n'en contiennent pas),
l'antislash initial n'est pas nécessaire et n'est pas recommandé, car les noms importés
doivent être absolus et ne sont pas résolus relativement à l'espace de noms courant.
De plus, PHP supporte des raccourcis pratiques, tels que les commandes use multiples.
Exemple #2 importation et alias multiples avec l'opérateur use
<?php
use My\Full\Classname as Another, My\Full\NSname;
$obj = new Another; // instantie un objet de la classe My\Full\Classname
NSname\subns\func(); // appelle la fonction My\Full\NSname\subns\func
?>L'importation est réalisée à la compilation, ce qui fait que cela n'affecte pas les classes, fonctions et constantes dynamiques.
Exemple #3 Importation et noms d'espaces dynamiques
<?php
use My\Full\Classname as Another, My\Full\NSname;
$obj = new Another; // instantie un objet de la classe My\Full\Classname
$a = 'Another';
$obj = new $a; // instantie un objet de la classe Another
?>De plus, l'importation n'affecte que les noms sans qualification. Les noms absolus restent absolus, et inchangés par un import.
Exemple #4 Importation et noms d'espaces absolus
<?php
use My\Full\Classname as Another, My\Full\NSname;
$obj = new Another; // instantie un objet de la classe My\Full\Classname
$obj = new \Another; // instantie un objet de la classe Another
$obj = new Another\untruc; // instantie un objet de la classe My\Full\Classname\untruc
$obj = new \Another\untruc; // instantie un objet de la classe Another\untruc
?>Règles de contextes pour l'importation
Le mot-clé use doit être déclaré dans le contexte le plus
externe d'un fichier (le contexte global) ou alors dans les déclarations d'espace
de noms. Ceci car l'importation est effectuée à la compilation et non durant
l'éxecution, donc on ne peut empiler les contextes. L'exemple qui suit montre des
utilisation incorrectes du mot-clé use:
Exemple #5 Règles d'importation incorrectes
<?php
namespace Languages;
function toGreenlandic
{
use Languages\Danish;
// ...
}
?>Note:
Les règles d'importation sont basées sur les fichiers, ce qui signifie que les fichiers inclus n'hériteront PAS des règles d'importation du fichier parent.
Déclaration du groupe use
Les classes, fonctions et constantes importées depuis
le même namespace peuvent être regroupées dans une
seule instruction use.
<?php
use some\namespace\ClassA;
use some\namespace\ClassB;
use some\namespace\ClassC as C;
use function some\namespace\fn_a;
use function some\namespace\fn_b;
use function some\namespace\fn_c;
use const some\namespace\ConstA;
use const some\namespace\ConstB;
use const some\namespace\ConstC;
// est équivalent ç la déclaration use groupé suivante
use some\namespace\{ClassA, ClassB, ClassC as C};
use function some\namespace\{fn_a, fn_b, fn_c};
use const some\namespace\{ConstA, ConstB, ConstC};
add a note
User Contributed Notes 21 notes
dominic_mayers at yahoo dot com ¶
8 years ago
anon ¶
10 years ago
The <?php use ?> statement does not load the class file. You have to do this with the <?php require ?> statement or by using an autoload function.
Mawia HL ¶
7 years ago
Here is a handy way of importing classes, functions and conts using a single use keyword:
<?php
use Mizo\Web\ {
Php\WebSite,
Php\KeyWord,
Php\UnicodePrint,
JS\JavaScript,
function JS\printTotal,
function JS\printList,
const JS\BUAIKUM,
const JS\MAUTAM
};
?>
k at webnfo dot com ¶
11 years ago
Note that you can not alias global namespace:
use \ as test;
echo test\strlen('');
won't work.
xzero at elite7hackers dot net ¶
7 years ago
I couldn't find answer to this question so I tested myself.
I think it's worth noting:
<?php
use ExistingNamespace\NonExsistingClass;
use ExistingNamespace\NonExsistingClass as whatever;
use NonExistingNamespace\NonExsistingClass;
use NonExistingNamespace\NonExsistingClass as whatever;
?>
None of above will actually cause errors unless you actually try to use class you tried to import.
<?php
// And this code will issue standard PHP error for non existing class.
use ExistingNamespace\NonExsistingClass as whatever;
$whatever = new whatever();
?>
me at ruslanbes dot com ¶
8 years ago
Note the code `use ns1\c1` may refer to importing class `c1` from namespace `ns1` as well as importing whole namespace `ns1\c1` or even import both of them in one line. Example:
<?php
namespace ns1;
class c1{}
namespace ns1\c1;
class c11{}
namespace main;
use ns1\c1;
$c1 = new c1();
$c11 = new c1\c11();
var_dump($c1); // object(ns1\c1)#1 (0) { }
var_dump($c11); // object(ns1\c1\c11)#2 (0) { }
c dot 1 at smithies dot org ¶
13 years ago
If you are testing your code at the CLI, note that namespace aliases do not work!
(Before I go on, all the backslashes in this example are changed to percent signs because I cannot get sensible results to display in the posting preview otherwise. Please mentally translate all percent signs henceforth as backslashes.)
Suppose you have a class you want to test in myclass.php:
<?php
namespace my%space;
class myclass {
// ...
}
?>
and you then go into the CLI to test it. You would like to think that this would work, as you type it line by line:
require 'myclass.php';
use my%space%myclass; // should set 'myclass' as alias for 'my%space%myclass'
$x = new myclass; // FATAL ERROR
I believe that this is because aliases are only resolved at compile time, whereas the CLI simply evaluates statements; so use statements are ineffective in the CLI.
If you put your test code into test.php:
<?php
require 'myclass.php';
use my%space%myclass;
$x = new myclass;
//...
?>
it will work fine.
I hope this reduces the number of prematurely bald people.
cl ¶
11 years ago
Something that is not immediately obvious, particular with PHP 5.3, is that namespace resolutions within an import are not resolved recursively. i.e.: if you alias an import and then use that alias in another import then this latter import will not be fully resolved with the former import.
For example:
use \Controllers as C;
use C\First;
use C\Last;
Both the First and Last namespaces are NOT resolved as \Controllers\First or \Controllers\Last as one might intend.
x at d dot a dot r dot k dot REMOVEDOTSANDTHIS dot gray dot org ¶
11 years ago
You are allowed to "use" the same resource multiple times as long as it is imported under a different alias at each invocation.
For example:
<?php
use Lend;
use Lend\l1;
use Lend\l1 as l3;
use Lend\l2;
use Lend\l1\Keller;
use Lend\l1\Keller as Stellar;
use Lend\l1\Keller as Zellar;
use Lend\l2\Keller as Dellar;
...
?>
In the above example, "Keller", "Stellar", and "Zellar" are all references to "\Lend\l1\Keller", as are "Lend\l1\Keller", "l1\Keller", and "l3\Keller".
eithed at google mail ¶
3 years ago
Bear in mind that it's perfectly fine to alias namespaces, ie:
<?php
use A\B\C\D\E\User;
new User();
?>
can be also written as:
<?php
use A\B\C\D\E as ENamespace;
new ENamespace\User();
?>
however following will not work:
<?php
use A\B\C\D\E as ENamespace;
use ENamespace\User;
new User();
?>
> PHP Error: Class "ENamespace\User" not found
ultimater at gmail dot com ¶
8 years ago
Note that "use" importing/aliasing only applies to the current namespace block.
<?php
namespace SuperCoolLibrary
{
class Meta
{
static public function getVersion()
{
return '2.7.1';
}
}
}
namespace
{
use SuperCoolLibrary\Meta;
echo Meta::getVersion();//outputs 2.7.1
}
namespace
{
echo Meta::getVersion();//fatal error
}
?>
To get the expected behavior, you'd use:
class_alias('SuperCoolLibrary\Meta','Meta');
ZhangLiang ¶
7 years ago
In Chinese,there is an error in translation:
// 如果不使用 "use \ArrayObject" ，则实例化一个 foo\ArrayObject 对象
it should be
// 如果不使用 "use ArrayObject" ，则实例化一个 foo\ArrayObject 对象
/*********************************************/
中文下翻译有错误
// 如果不使用 "use \ArrayObject" ，则实例化一个 foo\ArrayObject 对象
这句话应该是
// 如果不使用 "use ArrayObject" ，则实例化一个 foo\ArrayObject 对象
tuxedobob ¶
2 years ago
Note that because this is processed at compile time, this doesn't work when running PHP in interactive mode. use commands won't throw an error, but they won't do anything, either.
thinice at gmail.com ¶
14 years ago
Because imports happen at compile time, there's no polymorphism potential by embedding the use keyword in a conditonal.
e.g.:
<?php
if ($objType == 'canine') {
use Animal\Canine as Beast;
}
if ($objType == 'bovine') {
use Animal\Bovine as Beast;
}
$oBeast = new Beast;
$oBeast->feed();
?>
kelerest123 at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
For the fifth example (example #5):
When in block scope, it is not an illegal use of use keyword, because it is used for sharing things with traits.
Anonymous ¶
11 years ago
The last example on this page shows a possibly incorrect attempt of aliasing, but it is totally correct to import a trait \Languages\Languages\Danish.
dominic_mayers at yahoo dot com ¶
8 years ago
To clarify the distinction between inserting a trait in a class and importing a trait in a namespace, here is an example where we first import and then insert a trait.
<?php
namespace ns1;
trait T {
static $a = "In T";
}
namespace ns2;
use ns1\T; // Importing the name of trait ns1\T in the namespace ns2
class C {
use T; // Inserting trait T in the class C, making use of the imported name.
}
namespace main;
use ns2\C;
echo C::$a; // In T;
info at ensostudio dot ru ¶
4 years ago
Note: you can import not existed items without errors:
<?php
use UndefinedClass;
use function undefined_fn;
use const UNDEFINED_CONST;
?>
but you cant use/call they:
<?php
$new UndefinedClass; // Error: Use of undefined class
use function undefined_fn; // Error: Use of undefined function
use const UNDEFINED_CONST; // Error: Use of undefined constant
?>
Joey ¶
6 years ago
For those hoping for an easy fix of DRY with {} unfortunately you can't nest it or do anything cool with it. In case you can only have one per use and if you don't have one then the whole use is assumed to be wrapped in brackets. That means if you do have one you can't use , as normal with use!
Not possible:
use A\B\C\{
D, E,
F\{X, Y, Z}
},
X\Y\Z,
H\{
I\{
Y\Y\Y\Y\Y,
Z, H, E
},
J\{
A\{
G\H\J
B\N
},
G\H\J
}
};
www.codewars.com ¶
5 years ago
amazing!!
use function strval as numberToString;
var_dump(numberToString(123));
//print
//string(3) "123"
Dhairya Lakhera ¶
5 years ago
namespace test{
use test\xyz\tikku;
use test\xyz\tikku as class_alias;
use function test\xyz\tikku\foo;
use function test\xyz\tikku\foo as func_alias;
use const test\xyz\tikku\ABC;
use const test\xyz\tikku\ABC as const_alias;
$obj=new tikku;
$obj->Display(); // I am in test\xyz namespace
$obj=new tikku\dhairya;
$obj->Display(); // I am in test\xyz\tikku namespace
$obj=new class_alias\dhairya;
$obj->Display(); // I am in test\xyz\tikku namespace
$obj=new \class_alias\dhairya;
$obj->Display(); // I am in class_alias namespace
}
namespace test\xyz{
class tikku{
function Display(){
echo "I am in ".__namespace__." namespace<br/><hr/>";
}
}
}
namespace test\xyz\tikku{
class dhairya{
function Display(){
echo "I am in ".__namespace__." namespace<br/><hr/>";
}
}
}
namespace class_alias{
class dhairya{
function Display(){
echo "I am in ".__namespace__." namespace<br/><hr/>";
}
}
}
