Please, note that when using with UTF-8 mb_strtolower will only convert upper case characters to lower case which are marked with the Unicode property "Upper case letter" ("Lu"). However, there are also letters such as "Letter numbers" (Unicode property "Nl") that also have lower case and upper case variants. These characters will not be converted be mb_strtolower!
Example:
The Roman letters Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, ..., Ⅿ (UTF-8 code points 8544 through 8559) also exist in their respective lower case variants ⅰ, ⅱ, ⅲ, ..., ⅿ (UTF-8 code points 8560 through 8575) and should, in my opinion, also be converted by mb_strtolower, but they are not!
Big internet-companies (like Google) do match both variants as semantically equal (since the representations only differ in case).
Since I was not finding any proper solution in the internet on how to map all UTF8-strings to their lowercase counterpart in PHP, I offer the following hard-coded extended mb_strtolower function for UTF-8 strings:
The function wraps the existing function mb_strtolower() and additionally replaces uppercase UTF8-characters for which there is a lowercase representation. Since there is no proper Unicode uppercase and lowercase character-table in the internet that I was able to find, I checked the first million UTF8-characters against the Google-search and -KeywordTool and identified the following 78 characters as uppercase-characters, not being replaced by mb_strtolower, but having a UTF8 lowercase counterpart.
<?php
//the numbers in the in-line-comments display the characters' Unicode code-points (CP).
function strtolower_utf8_extended( $utf8_string )
{
$additional_replacements = array
( "Dž" => "dž" // 453 -> 454
, "Lj" => "lj" // 456 -> 457
, "Nj" => "nj" // 459 -> 460
, "Dz" => "dz" // 498 -> 499
, "Ϸ" => "ϸ" // 1015 -> 1016
, "Ϲ" => "ϲ" // 1017 -> 1010
, "Ϻ" => "ϻ" // 1018 -> 1019
, "ᾈ" => "ᾀ" // 8072 -> 8064
, "ᾉ" => "ᾁ" // 8073 -> 8065
, "ᾊ" => "ᾂ" // 8074 -> 8066
, "ᾋ" => "ᾃ" // 8075 -> 8067
, "ᾌ" => "ᾄ" // 8076 -> 8068
, "ᾍ" => "ᾅ" // 8077 -> 8069
, "ᾎ" => "ᾆ" // 8078 -> 8070
, "ᾏ" => "ᾇ" // 8079 -> 8071
, "ᾘ" => "ᾐ" // 8088 -> 8080
, "ᾙ" => "ᾑ" // 8089 -> 8081
, "ᾚ" => "ᾒ" // 8090 -> 8082
, "ᾛ" => "ᾓ" // 8091 -> 8083
, "ᾜ" => "ᾔ" // 8092 -> 8084
, "ᾝ" => "ᾕ" // 8093 -> 8085
, "ᾞ" => "ᾖ" // 8094 -> 8086
, "ᾟ" => "ᾗ" // 8095 -> 8087
, "ᾨ" => "ᾠ" // 8104 -> 8096
, "ᾩ" => "ᾡ" // 8105 -> 8097
, "ᾪ" => "ᾢ" // 8106 -> 8098
, "ᾫ" => "ᾣ" // 8107 -> 8099
, "ᾬ" => "ᾤ" // 8108 -> 8100
, "ᾭ" => "ᾥ" // 8109 -> 8101
, "ᾮ" => "ᾦ" // 8110 -> 8102
, "ᾯ" => "ᾧ" // 8111 -> 8103
, "ᾼ" => "ᾳ" // 8124 -> 8115
, "ῌ" => "ῃ" // 8140 -> 8131
, "ῼ" => "ῳ" // 8188 -> 8179
, "Ⅰ" => "ⅰ" // 8544 -> 8560
, "Ⅱ" => "ⅱ" // 8545 -> 8561
, "Ⅲ" => "ⅲ" // 8546 -> 8562
, "Ⅳ" => "ⅳ" // 8547 -> 8563
, "Ⅴ" => "ⅴ" // 8548 -> 8564
, "Ⅵ" => "ⅵ" // 8549 -> 8565
, "Ⅶ" => "ⅶ" // 8550 -> 8566
, "Ⅷ" => "ⅷ" // 8551 -> 8567
, "Ⅸ" => "ⅸ" // 8552 -> 8568
, "Ⅹ" => "ⅹ" // 8553 -> 8569
, "Ⅺ" => "ⅺ" // 8554 -> 8570
, "Ⅻ" => "ⅻ" // 8555 -> 8571
, "Ⅼ" => "ⅼ" // 8556 -> 8572
, "Ⅽ" => "ⅽ" // 8557 -> 8573
, "Ⅾ" => "ⅾ" // 8558 -> 8574
, "Ⅿ" => "ⅿ" // 8559 -> 8575
, "Ⓐ" => "ⓐ" // 9398 -> 9424
, "Ⓑ" => "ⓑ" // 9399 -> 9425
, "Ⓒ" => "ⓒ" // 9400 -> 9426
, "Ⓓ" => "ⓓ" // 9401 -> 9427
, "Ⓔ" => "ⓔ" // 9402 -> 9428
, "Ⓕ" => "ⓕ" // 9403 -> 9429
, "Ⓖ" => "ⓖ" // 9404 -> 9430
, "Ⓗ" => "ⓗ" // 9405 -> 9431
, "Ⓘ" => "ⓘ" // 9406 -> 9432
, "Ⓙ" => "ⓙ" // 9407 -> 9433
, "Ⓚ" => "ⓚ" // 9408 -> 9434
, "Ⓛ" => "ⓛ" // 9409 -> 9435
, "Ⓜ" => "ⓜ" // 9410 -> 9436
, "Ⓝ" => "ⓝ" // 9411 -> 9437
, "Ⓞ" => "ⓞ" // 9412 -> 9438
, "Ⓟ" => "ⓟ" // 9413 -> 9439
, "Ⓠ" => "ⓠ" // 9414 -> 9440
, "Ⓡ" => "ⓡ" // 9415 -> 9441
, "Ⓢ" => "ⓢ" // 9416 -> 9442
, "Ⓣ" => "ⓣ" // 9417 -> 9443
, "Ⓤ" => "ⓤ" // 9418 -> 9444
, "Ⓥ" => "ⓥ" // 9419 -> 9445
, "Ⓦ" => "ⓦ" // 9420 -> 9446
, "Ⓧ" => "ⓧ" // 9421 -> 9447
, "Ⓨ" => "ⓨ" // 9422 -> 9448
, "Ⓩ" => "ⓩ" // 9423 -> 9449
, "𐐦" => "𐑎" // 66598 -> 66638
, "𐐧" => "𐑏" // 66599 -> 66639
);
$utf8_string = mb_strtolower( $utf8_string, "UTF-8");
$utf8_string = strtr( $utf8_string, $additional_replacements );
return $utf8_string;
} //strtolower_utf8_extended()
?>
mb_strtolower
(PHP 4 >= 4.3.0, PHP 5, PHP 7)
mb_strtolower — Make a string lowercase
설명
string mb_strtolower
( string
$str
[, string $encoding = mb_internal_encoding()
] )
Returns str
with all alphabetic characters converted to lowercase.
반환값
str with all alphabetic characters converted to lowercase.
유니코드
For more information about the Unicode properties, please see » http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/.
By contrast to strtolower(), 'alphabetic' is determined by the Unicode character properties. Thus the behaviour of this function is not affected by locale settings and it can convert any characters that have 'alphabetic' property, such as A-umlaut (Ä).
예제
Example #1 mb_strtolower() example
<?php
$str = "Mary Had A Little Lamb and She LOVED It So";
$str = mb_strtolower($str);
echo $str; // Prints mary had a little lamb and she loved it so
?>
Example #2 mb_strtolower() example with non-Latin UTF-8 text
<?php
$str = "Τάχιστη αλώπηξ βαφής ψημένη γη, δρασκελίζει υπέρ νωθρού κυνός";
$str = mb_strtolower($str, 'UTF-8');
echo $str; // Prints τάχιστη αλώπηξ βαφής ψημένη γη, δρασκελίζει υπέρ νωθρού κυνός
?>
참고
- mb_strtoupper() - Make a string uppercase
- mb_convert_case() - Perform case folding on a string
- strtolower() - 문자열을 소문자로 만듭니다
add a note
User Contributed Notes 6 notes
akniep at linklift dot net ¶
13 years ago
Philipp H ¶
17 years ago
Note that mb_strtolower() is very SLOW, if you have a database connection, you may want to use it to convert your strings to lower case. Even latin1/9 (iso-8859-1/15) and other encodings are possible.
Have a look at my simple benchmark:
<?php
$text = "Lörem ipßüm dölör ßit ämet, cönßectetüer ädipißcing elit. Sed ligülä. Präeßent jüßtö tellüß, grävidä eü, tempüß ä, mättiß nön, örci. Näm qüiß lörem. Näm äliqüet elit ßed elit. Phäßellüß venenätiß jüßtö eget enim. Dönec nißl. Pröin mättiß venenätiß jüßtö. Sed äliqüäm pörtä örci. Cräß elit nißl, cönvälliß qüiß, tincidünt ät, vehicülä äccümßän, ödiö. Sed möleßtie. Etiäm mölliß feügiät elit. Veßtibülüm änte ipßüm primiß in fäücibüß örci lüctüß et ültriceß pößüere cübiliä Cüräe; Mäecenäß nön nüllä.";
// mb_strtolower()
$timeMB = microtime(true);
for($i=0;$i<30000;$i++)
$lower = mb_strtolower("$text/no-cache-$i");
$timeMB = microtime(true) - $timeMB;
// MySQL lower()
$timeSQL = microtime(true);
mysql_query("set names latin1");
for($i=0;$i<30000;$i++) {
$r = mysql_fetch_row(mysql_query("select lower('$text/no-cache-$i')"));
$lower = $r[0];
}
$timeSQL = microtime(true) - $timeSQL;
echo "mb: ".sprintf("%.5f",$timeMB)." sek.<br />";
echo "sql: ".sprintf("%.5f",$timeSQL)." sek.<br />";
// Result on my notebook:
// mb: 11.50642 sek.
// sql: 5.44143 sek.
?>
fisharebest at gmail dot com ¶
12 years ago
There is not a one-to-one correspondence between upper and lower case letters.
Turkish is a good example of this. In Turkish, the letter I/i has a dotted-upper-case form (İ) and a dotless-lower-case form (ı).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotted_and_dotless_I
This means that you cannot correctly convert between upper-case and lower-case without also knowing the locale of the data.
Since the function does not let you specify a locale, you should only use this function for text written in languages that follow the same orthography as English.
Although it does handle some digraphs, such as the Dutch ij (ij), it does not handle others, such as the Polish dz (ʣ).
btherl at yahoo dot com dot au ¶
18 years ago
If you use this function on a unicode string without telling PHP that it is unicode, then you will corrupt your string. In particular, the uppercase 'A' with tilde, common in 2-byte UTF-8 characters, is converted to lowercase 'a' with tilde.
This can be handled correctly by:
$str = mb_strtolower($str, mb_detect_encoding($str));
Or if you know your data is UTF-8, just use the string "UTF-8" as the second argument.
You should check also that mb_detect_encoding() is checking the encodings you want it to check, and is detecting the correct encodings.
Ukio ¶
8 years ago
Maybe it help someone.
Make up case with first char, low case for other.
<?php
function str_split_unicode($str, $l = 0) {
if ($l > 0) {
$ret = array();
$len = mb_strlen($str, "UTF-8");
for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i += $l) {
$ret[] = mb_substr($str, $i, $l, "UTF-8");
}
return $ret;
}
return preg_split("//u", $str, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
}
function ToCorrectCase($str){
$str = mb_strtolower($str);
$str_array = str_split_unicode($str);
$str_array[0] = mb_strtoupper($str_array[0]);
$str = '';
foreach ($str_array as $key){
$str = $str.$key;
}
return $str;
}
?>
Ken Shiro ¶
14 years ago
[If you get this error:]
Fatal error: Call to undefined function: mb_strtolower() in ????.php on line ??
The PHP mbstring extension, which is required to handle international character sets, is not available on your server. Check your PHP configuration and make sure that PHP has been compiled with --enable-mbstring.
It's also apply to
Call to undefined function mb_eregi() / mb_strtolower()
